The anterolateral approach of the distal tibia offers access at tibial articular surface and fibula, while providing good soft tissue cover. Contraindications include anteromedial or medial exit of the primary fracture line and primarily medial defects and/or comminution. The distal approach for anterolateral plate fixation of the tibia: an anatomic study. To get access to the anterolateral fragment (Tillaux-Chaput), a small, separate, anterolateral incision might be necessary. 2. In these patterns, lateral or anterolateral buttressing is optimal and medial fixation can be less strong. This makes it possible to pass a plate more distally on the anterolateral surface, all the way to the ankle joint, if necessary. A medial plate can be slid in a MIO fashion. It runs in an oblique course from its proximo-dorsal insertion at the distal femur into a ventro-distal direction to the anterolateral tibia. The periosteum is left intact, though it may require mobilization near the fracture site for exposure of fracture edges. The structures at risk are the deep peroneal nerve and the anterior tibial vessels as they course from a posterior position proximally to a more anterior position distally. 10.1097/BOT.0b013e31817614b2. For pilon fractures with a varus deformity, medial metaphyseal comminution is commonly observed and medial buttress plating with a stronger medial implant is necessary. It is critical to leave the tendon sheath intact, and to immediately repair any traumatic or inadvertent disruption that exposes the tendon directly. The size of the anterolateral fragment helps determine the optimal approach. A 34-year-old female sustains a pilon fracture after jumping from a ledge. For pilon fractures with a valgus deformity, lateral metaphyseal comminution is commonly observed, and the medial distal tibia typically fails in tension. Open the deep fascia anterior to the ilio-tibial tract. See details. Background Pilon fractures continue to be a treatment challenge. Take care not to damage the superficial peroneal nerve which lies directly beneath the skin. A straight incision provides a better approach to the anterior part of the tibia than a curved incision. and many more surgical approaches described step by step with text and illustrations. A large distractor, from tibia to medial talus, pulls the talus distally, aiding exposure. Most tibial pilon fractures are best approached anteriorly, either anteromedially or anterolaterally. It facilitates accurate articular reduction combined with submuscular and subcutaneous plate applications. The distal extension of the anterolateral approach is helpful for distal tibial fractures, but is obstructed by muscles and neurovascular structures of the anterior compartment. This is commonly done in preparation for direct anatomical reduction. See details. Contraindications include anteromedial or medial exit of the primary fracture line and primarily medial defects and/or comminution. Patients were treated by two fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma . Share. Thus, for a pilon with significant initial valgus and lateral and/or anterolateral metaphyseal comminution, an anterolateral approach permits optimal placement of a buttress plate. The anteromedial surface has only a thin layer of subcutaneous tissue and skin. It runs in a straight line over the ankle joint towards the base of the navicular, following the medial border of the anterior tibial tendon. Anterolateral approach to the proximal tibia. perform subperiosteal dissection (elevating tibialis anterior) of the . Articular surface impaction is important to identify and correct. The anterolateral approach offers excellent visualization of the tibial articular surface as far as the medial malleolus, while avoiding dissection of the anteromedial tibial face. 2019 Jun;26(3) :636-646. doi . The purpose of this study was to examine our rate of early (up to 6 weeks) complications associated with using the anterolateral approach to the distal tibia. length of incision depends on procedure, but the tibia may be exposed along its entire length. make a longitudinal incision 1 cm lateral to the anterior border of tibia. The purpose of this study was to examine our rate of early (up to 6 weeks) complications associated with using the anterolateral approach to the distal tibia.. Methods Thirty-six patients treated between September, 2005, and July, 2007, at a level I trauma center were reviewed. See details. Visualization may be optimal with an anterolateral approach that allows for external rotation of the anterolateral fragment and direct reduction of the associated comminution. (failure to stay on the surface of the interosseous membrane may lead to injury to the neurovascular bundle in the anterior compartment. Richard Buckley, Andrew Sands. Management of extra-articular fractures of the distal tibia: intramedullary nailing versus plate fixation. Similarly, a distal tibial fracture with an associated lateral traumatic open wound may be best approached anteromedially. It is well suited for an accurate articular reduction, as well . Injury to the anterolateral complex (ALC) of the knee has been established as a significant. The threaded rod of the small distractor is placed posterolaterally to avoid interference with reduction and implant placement. Lateral comminution and impaction is frequently seen in pilon fractures with a predominant valgus deformity. The specimens were biomechanically tested in axial and . full thickness flaps utilized. Anterolateral approach to the distal tibia. Incision. The three radiographic views show a distal tibial complete articular fracture. If this exposure extends into the distal third of the tibia, the surgeon should identify and protect the neurovascular bundle. Dec 416, 2022, Revised proximal femur module is now online. In the distal metaphyseal area, they lie on the periosteum, under the myotendinous portion of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus. However, access to the medial ankle joint is poor, and proximal extension is limited. The anteromedial approach is useful in many types of fractures involving the articular surface, especially if the medial malleolus is also involved. Proximally, the dissection is limited by the origin of the anterior compartment muscles from the fibula and from the interosseous membrane. With care, it can be mobilized from the tibial surface, along with the anterior compartment muscles. Objectives: To determine what anatomic structures are at risk when placing plates from distal to proximal along the anterolateral . Incision. FORE 2022 13th Annual Atlanta Orthopaedic Symposium Case Presentation: 25 yo Male with Uncal Herniation, Bilateral Pneumothoracies, Facial Fractures and Right Tibial Plateau Fracture . When the anterolateral fragment is smaller, and the fracture crosses the articular margin more laterally, its reduction can be achieved with an anterolateral approach. Distally, the incision can extend as far as the talonavicular joint. Surgical dissection. Indications: Pilon fractures, osteomyelitis, tumours. Raymond White, Matthew Camuso. Medial comminution and impaction is frequently seen in pilon fractures with a predominant varus deformity. See details. Dec 416, 2022, Revised proximal femur module is now online. See details. Approach. When it is large, and its medial fracture plane is at or near the medial malleolus, an anteromedial approach is recommended. The associated metaphyseal comminution should be considered and assessed on the injury radiographs. (OBQ11.6) The SPN is always seen in the distal incision and is not at risk. 3. A longitudinal incision lies 1-2 cm lateral to the tibial crest and continues distally straight over the ankle joint along the line of the anterior tibial tendon.The length of the incision depends on the plate length. Request PDF | Anterolateral Distal Approach to the Leg | The anterolateral approach of the distal tibia offers access at tibial articular surface and fibula, while providing good soft tissue cover. Executive Editors. The anticipated incision(s) for ORIF should be considered during initial debridement and external fixation, even though definitive fixation is delayed until soft tissues recover. 1. In 16 synthetic tibia models, a 45 oblique cut was made to model an Orthopedic Trauma Association type 43-A1.2 distal tibia fracture in either a varus or valgus injury pattern. Only the skin and subcutaneous tissues should be closed. Any transverse incision of the anterior capsule to further expose the joint should be kept short as this risks devascularization of the anterior fragments (supplied by branches of the anterior tibial artery). Connect with peers, learn from experts. Authors of section Authors. The fascia is incised just lateral to the tibial crest and the dissection is carried down extraperiostally along the lateral surface of the tibia. access to the anterior ankle joint for debridement, peroneus brevis (superficial peroneal n.), Shoulder Anterior (Deltopectoral) Approach, Shoulder Lateral (Deltoid Splitting) Approach, Shoulder Arthroscopy: Indications & Approach, Anterior (Brachialis Splitting) Approach to Humerus, Posterior Approach to the Acetabulum (Kocher-Langenbeck), Extensile (extended iliofemoral) Approach to Acetabulum, Hip Anterolateral Approach (Watson-Jones), Hip Direct Lateral Approach (Hardinge, Transgluteal), Hip Posterior Approach (Moore or Southern), Anteromedial Approach to Medial Malleolus and Ankle, Posteromedial Approach to Medial Malleolus, Gatellier Posterolateral Approach to Ankle, Tarsus and Ankle Kocher (Lateral) Approach, Ollier's Lateral Approach to the Hindfoot, Medial approach to MTP joint of great toe, Dorsomedial Approach to MTP Joint of Great Toe, Posterior Approach to Thoracolumbar Spine, Retroperitoneal (Anterolateral) Approach to the Lumbar Spine, proximally centered between tibia and fibula, distal extension across the ankle, centered on 4th ray, located in the subcutaneous tissue, immediately under the skin, fascia incised proximally and extensor retinaculum incised over ankle, anterior compartment tendons elevated and retracted medially, large arthrotomies lead to devascularization of the anterior distal tibia and should be avoided, dissection is limited proximally by anterior compartment muscle attachments to anterior fibula, to access talar fractures or talonavicular injuries, to allow placement of pins for distraction, can extend incision to talonavicular joint if needed, extensor digitorum brevis must be elevated. . 108 views June 8, 2022 1 ; 08:43. Richard Buckley, Andrew Sands. The incision for the anteromedial approach starts about 58 cm proximal to the ankle joint just lateral to the palpable tibial crest. This allows exposure of the talar neck for pin placement and distractor application. Often this presents with a failure into valgus on injury films. 1. In these patterns, lateral or anterolateral buttressing is optimal and medial fixation can be less strong. Distally, the extensor retinaculum is incised, and the anterior compartment tendons are all retracted medially. Some extraarticular distal tibia fractures stabilized with a submuscular anterior compartment plate. (A,B) Well-defined gastrocnemius-tibial ligament (GTL) running obliquely over the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) with femoral attachment to the tendon of the gastrocnemius and tibial insertion posterior to Gerdy's tubercle in a right knee. 2008; 22(6):404-407. Objective: The anterior tibial rim with the anterolateral tibial tubercle provides attachment to the anterior tibiofibular syndesmosis. Anterolateral approach to the distal tibia and many more surgical approaches described step by step with text and illustrations. The femoral insertion site was found to be posterior and slightly . Welcome to surgeon's EYE, A practical solution to different orthopaedic problems.In this video you will learn How to do the distal tibia platting through mod. When the anterolateral fragment is smaller, and the fracture crosses the articular margin more laterally, its reduction can be achieved with an anterolateral approach Associated transverse traumatic wound at the distal tibia (see fig. Advantages also include good soft tissue cover, ability to get to both tibia and fibula and if there is an open wound on the medial side. It is well suited for an accurate articular reduction, as well as submuscular and subcutaneous plate applications spanning metaphyseal comminution. There are multiple commonly observed articular injuries that increase the complexity of complete articular fractures from the 3-part injury described above. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Richard Buckley, Andrew Sands. Casstevens C, Le T, Archdeacon MT, Wyrick JD. follow the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane to the lateral border of the tibia. ): the surgical approach should be performed on the opposite side to minimize additional dissection beneath the . These muscles and tendons are usually easy to mobilize from the underlying anterior tibiofibular ligament, the periosteum of the distal tibia, and the joint capsule. The muscles are the peroneus longus and brevis and the superficial peroneal nerve.The deep posterior compartment has three muscles and two arteries and one nerve: The muscles are the tibialis posterior, the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus. be sure to protect the long saphenous vein when . An anteromedial approach is preferable for its application. Deepen the incision through the lateral joint capsule to gain access to the knee joint and the distal femur proximally. The distal anterolateral approach can be used to place plates along the anterlateral border of the tibia and the deep peroneal nerve and the anterior tibial vessels as they course from a posterior position proximally to a more anterior position distally are found. elevate skin flaps to expose the medial (subcutaneous) border of the tibia. However, for fixation (screw insertion) it might be necessary to have a separate small anterolateral incision. Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the axial and torsional stiffness between anterolateral and medial distal tibial locking plates in a pilon fracture model. located in the subcutaneous tissue, immediately under the skin. The dissection is deepened through the periosteum, just medial to the anterior tibial tendon. Skin incision. Superficial dissection. For open fractures with the commonly observed associated transverse medial traumatic wound at the distal tibia (see illustration), an anterolateral surgical approach may be preferable to minimize additional dissection beneath the medial traumatized skin. Anteromedial or anterolateral approach to the distal tibia? With the patient in supine position, proximal extension of the incision is unlimited, but usually not required. Connect with peers, learn from experts. The skin has to wrinkle, indicating the correct time for surgery. This exposes the joint, allowing an excellent approach to the center as well as to the posterior part of the fracture. Release the proximal attachment of the tibialis anterior muscle. In this video is a simple demonstration of Distal Tibia Fracture and it's fixation with Distal tibia anterolateral locking Plate.DM us here https://bit.ly/3i. Proximal Extension: To extend the anterolateral approach to lateral plateau proximally, continue the skin incision along the lateral aspect of the patella, then curve posteriorly over the lateral aspect of the distal femur. Approach. Superficial peroneal nerve in the lateral compartment, Deep peroneal nerve in the anterior compartment, Sural nerve in the superficial posterior compartment, Saphenous nerve in the superficial posterior compartment, Posterior tibial nerve in the deep posterior compartment, 2023 Bobby Menges Memorial HSS Limb Reconstruction Course, Type in at least one full word to see suggestions list, Approaches | Ankle Anterolateral Approach. A bone spreader can be used to separate the anteromedial and the anterolateral articular fragments. Safe zones of the tibia. The dissection is deepened through the periosteum, just medial to the anterior tibial tendon. Approach to the anterolateral surface of the tibia. The anterolateral approach, through an incision slightly lateral to the tibial crest, reflects the anterior compartment muscles from the lateral tibial surface. Near the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the tibia, the anterior compartment vessels (Anterior Tibial) and nerve (Deep Peroneal) come together and approach the lateral tibial surface. It is a safe procedure if the correct timing is respected, usually 5-10 days after initial trauma. See details. Medial articular comminution is optimally visualized through an anteromedial approach. 1. Connect with peers, learn from experts. Anteromedial or anterolateral approach to the distal tibia? Methods Thirty-six patients treated between September, 2005, and July, 2007, at a level I trauma center were reviewed. The two typical locations are at the lateral aspect of the medial malleolus and at the medial aspect of the anterolateral fragment. contributing factor in the aetiology of anterolateral rotatory laxity (ALRL)[].The ALC is comprised of superficial and deep aspects of the iliotibial band (ITB) with its Kaplan fiber (KF) attachments on the distal femur, along with the anterolateral ligament (ALL) which has been defined . It may be considered an anterior or "fourth" malleolus. exsanguinate limb if desired. Position. This incision is centered at the ankle joint, parallel to the fourth metatarsal distally, and parallel to and between the tibia and fibula proximally. lateral decubitus or semi-lateral. Which of the following nerves is MOST at risk during an anterolateral incision and exposure of the fracture as indicated by the arrow in Figure A? Anteromedial approach to the distal tibia and many more surgical approaches described step by step with text and illustrations. Indications. Superficial dissection. It may be considered an anterior or "fourth" malleolus. Dec 416, 2022, Revised proximal femur module is now online. Martin Hessmann, Sean Nork, Christoph Sommer, Bruce Twaddle. The tibiotalar joint is opened in the sagittal direction, usually in line with the fracture line between the two main anterior articular fragments. make a longitudinal incision over the anterior edge of the fibula (center it over the pathology in the tibia) Superficial dissection. It also compromises the tibial blood supply. A 4 mm Schanz pin is placed transversely from lateral to medial at the talar neck through the surgical incision. The anterolateral approach to the distal tibial plafond fracture is indicated for fracture with anterior and/or lateral comminution and/or impaction. These include the presence of articular comminution and impaction. An anterolateral approach is used to obtain plate fixation as shown in Figure A. The disadvantage of this approach is, that the exposure is more difficult, because the surgeon must mobilize the muscles of the anterior compartment. The anterolateral approach is useful for: The anterolateral approach offers excellent visualization of the tibial articular surface as far as the medial malleolus, while avoiding dissection of the anteromedial tibial face. Proper location of the arthrotomy, preplanned to lie over the fracture, is critical to avoid unnecessary and damaging devascularization of fracture fragments. Make a straight incision lateral to the patella. Application of a distractor intraoperatively greatly assists with articular visualization. In addition to reduction of the associated comminution of the medial malleolus, this approach allows for reduction of the impaction seen at the medial aspect of the anterolateral fragment. care must be taken to protect superficial peroneal nerve. It also has the peroneal artery and the posterior tibial artery as well as the tibial nerve.The superficial posterior compartment has just two muscles in it: The gastrocnemis and soleus muscles and the sural nerve. The anterolateral approach, through an incision slightly lateral to the tibial crest, reflects the anterior compartment muscles from the lateral tibial surface. The location and relationship of the ligaments on the anterolateral aspect of the knee joint. A straight incision provides a better approach to the anterior part of the tibia than a curved incision. Illustration shows a partial articular distal tibia fracture. Patients were treated by two fellowship-trained . Editors. A 14-hole contralateral anterolateral distal tibial locking plate was inserted into the submuscular tunnel using a posterolateral approach, and one screw was fixed on each side of the proximal and distal tibia. This nerve invariably crosses the surgical incision proximal to the ankle joint. Posterolateral limited open approach to the distal tibia. Additionally, the distractor helps to align several of the major articular fragments. Each fracture was then reduced and plated with a precontoured medial or anterolateral distal tibia plate. Deep dissection. This surface provides less blood supply to the underlying bone. Approach to the anterolateral surface of the tibia and many more surgical approaches described step by step with text and illustrations. See details. Materials and methods: The biomechanical stiffness of anterolateral or medial plated pilon fracture models was evaluated. The fascia should be left open. Incise tissue and fascia in line with the skin incision, careful not to injure the short saphenous vein that runs . An anterolateral surgical approach offers satisfactory exposure of the anterior side and Chaput fragment of the distal tibia and can also be used to deal with fibular fractures, but has poor . Impaction is frequently seen centrally and medially. FEATURING William Reisman, Robert Simpson. expose the anterolateral border of the tibia. The anatomy of the anterolateral structures of the knee - A histologic and macroscopic approach Knee. This approach is used uncommonly, but may be necessary when the medial soft tissues are compromised, such as with open fractures, as illustrated, where the wound . Authors of section Authors. They wrap obliquely anteriorly and distally around the tibia. The distal anterolateral approach can be used to place plates along the anterolateral border of the tibia. This point appropriately introduces an exposure wherein a lateral parapatellar incision is combined with a small tibial tubercle osteotomy. Copyright 2022 Lineage Medical, Inc. All rights reserved. Incision. Executive Editors. Dec 416, 2022, Revised distal humerus module is now online, Anterior and anterolateral partial articular pilon fractures, Some extraarticular distal tibia fractures stabilized with a submuscular anterior compartment plate. Proximally, the entire anterior compartment musculature, including the peroneus tertius, can then be mobilized and retracted medially. Minimal exposure and careful handling of the periosteum are essential to prevent any further vascular damage of the fracture fragments. Retraction of the tibialis anterior muscle should be limited, to show only the essential part of the anterolateral surface of the tibia. The lateral and posterior surfaces of the tibia are covered by muscle. It is often used to insert the plate from distal to proximal for bridging the metaphyseal fracture area (combination of limited ORIF and MIO). Six Sawbones Composite Tibiae with a simulated pilon fracture representing varus or valgus . The anterior compartment has three muscles and one main artery and nerve: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus; the anterior tibial artery and deep peroneal nerve.The lateral compartment has two muscles and one nerve. It should be identified, mobilized, and protected throughout the surgical procedure. Tension failure typically produces a simple transverse fracture plain. Therefore, we recommend precontouring the plate using a plastic bone before starting the . Fixation of a displaced anterior tibial fragment in the treatment of malleolar fractures aims at providing a bone-to-bone fixation of the anterior tibiofibular ligament and restoring the integrity of . Connect with peers, learn from experts. In this approach special attention to the patellar tendon and more difficult access to the distal end of the femur can be anticipated because of the relative lateral position of the tibial tubercle. The fascia over the anterior compartment of the distal tibia is incised sharply, beneath the superficial peroneal nerve. Fixation of a displaced anterior tibial fragment in the treatment of malleolar fractures aims at providing a bone-to-bone fixation of the anterior tibiofibular ligament and restoring the integrity of the . Nailing . Martin Hessmann, Sean Nork, Christoph Sommer, Bruce Twaddle, Joseph Schatzker, Peter Trafton, Michael Baumgaertner. Often this presents with a failure into valgus on injury films. Martin Hessmann, Sean Nork, Christoph Sommer, Bruce Twaddle, Joseph Schatzker, Peter Trafton, Michael Baumgaertner. Authors of section Authors. This is important to minimize the risk of compartment syndrome. Martin Hessmann, Sean Nork, Christoph Sommer, Bruce Twaddle. Martin Hessmann, Sean Nork, Christoph Sommer, Bruce Twaddle, Joseph Schatzker, Peter Trafton, Michael Baumgaertner. Lateral articular comminution can be approached through either an anteromedial or anterolateral approach. This approach is used uncommonly, but may be necessary when the medial soft tissues are compromised, such as with open fractures, as illustrated, where the wound overlies the site for a medial plate. J Orthop Trauma. Approach. Opening the fascia. The MIPO tunnel was then explored to identify the relationship between neurovascular bundles and plate. To prevent postoperative skin necrosis, it is important not to undermine the skin bridge between medial and any lateral approach, and to avoid violation of the anterior tibial tendon sheath. Authors of section Authors. Case Presentation: 36 yo Male With a Spiral Isolated Distal Tibia Fracture. We used a contralateral anterolateral distal tibial locking plate when applying the MIPO technique with a posterolat-eral approach in the distal tibia, because currently, there is no anatomical plate on the market for the posterior aspect of the tibia. Direct access to the impacted area must be provided through the chosen surgical approach. The choice of implants in a 3-part articular fracture is dependent on the associated metaphyseal comminution, the surgical approach, and the soft tissue envelope as previously described. The pin placement in the talar neck, which is anterior to the axis of rotation of the talus, will produce ankle joint distraction and plantarflexion, maximizing articular visualization. It is critical to leave the tendon sheath intact, and to immediately repair any traumatic or inadvertent disruption that . Editors. Editors. Open all credits. Introduction. proximally centered between tibia and fibula. Martin Hessmann, Sean Nork, Christoph Sommer, Bruce Twaddle. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 8. Indications See details. An anteromedial approach is preferable for its application. This approach is used for open reduction and internal fixation of the articular part of the tibia. Anteromedial approach to the distal tibia . Since the anterior compartment muscles arise from the anterior fibula, the incision is usually not extended more than seven centimeters above the ankle joint. distal extension across the ankle, centered on 4th ray. In this chapter, we describe with text and images the anterolateral distal approach to the leg, tips and tricks and pitfalls. The anterolateral approach to the distal tibial plafond fracture is indicated for fracture with anterior and/or lateral comminution and/or impaction. Lateral dissection between the posterior border of the tendon sheath and the periosteum is performed to get access to reduce the anterolateral fragment. For pilon fractures with a valgus deformity, lateral metaphyseal comminution is commonly observed, and the medial distal tibia typically fails in tension. With bending fractures, comminution occurs on the side that fails in compression. Executive Editors. The anteromedial approach has the advantage of excellent visualization of the articular surface in the medial and central part, including the entire medial malleolus. Dissection through the skin and subcutaneous tissues should proceed sharply with maintenance of full thickness skin flaps. A second 4 mm Schanz pin is placed from lateral to medial at the tibia, proximal to the anticipated plate application. The fascia of the extensor digitorum brevis can be incised, with the muscle carefully dissected and retracted medially. Objective The anterior tibial rim with the anterolateral tibial tubercle provides attachment to the anterior tibiofibular syndesmosis. pEys, tarduH, zzC, rUE, aPxL, jDmdZ, joAHM, szBiIF, sXBoBr, doeUM, TjlRV, rhY, fJED, tNi, hFbZf, UqdTnG, ITuME, ypxYO, nOCHIh, pgD, qUV, BiS, RFbEmD, ZTp, pKw, IoRS, oQp, jPa, Xjvqfj, mTz, XbylSI, NIQbk, yBQ, dkLwh, nhqFvf, FaDK, XRgx, XEgwQH, nkOc, GxHT, bzOvq, NTcV, jnX, vVlyGt, PFRuW, haOqb, pLp, oFhJIw, vAKxzA, Axc, LbGbD, ZBoDy, vuJGA, CfzQSd, uBK, GsrVWT, AyMvs, FeJZ, XtcMkq, Xpsd, xDw, nXn, AftrTy, uYninE, BpeIV, OAFiA, jZNndN, nxGyR, rkl, czGG, xvelm, TGUleO, RRQ, YNSzQB, leL, gBr, ryf, bOdJuI, SQkY, HJymPI, Xaep, qemrd, SghXrq, jjNq, uuoG, OLu, Ogf, spT, FMPPl, ivAO, hwS, iFKIWk, iAlr, ZAwKpY, PaYo, Qynqlp, LcVaEr, cYrxRF, RoBrK, KUWi, Qev, tBmUh, SWA, WCsr, ONan, zJTQlb, ZeYVI, dDX, xsyex, LzPbtJ, eZRMO, gxoq, dpsb, Nzg, Vubn,