In other words, it describes the rate at which bits are transferred from one location to another. In the modern age of audio, you can't move for mention of "Hi-Res" and 24 bit depth "Studio Quality" music, but does anyone understand what that actually means? Thats because dither will rectify the occurrence of truncation distortion when converting to a lower bit depth. Bit depth is a key component of digital audio. A selection of the best articles on this topic. As you can see in the illustration above, some parts of the waveform compress together when frequencies are high, and so the sound is high-pitched. Assumption: 2-channel stereo audio 44.1kHz/16-bit: 44,100 x 16 x 2 = 1,411,200 bits per second ( 1.4Mbps) 192kHz/24bit: 192,000 X 24 X 2 = 9,216,000 bits per second ( 9.2Mbps) If you recorded with 48 hHz and 24 bits of Bit Depth, keep it that way in the DAW. So far weve talked about 16 bit, 24 bit and 32 bit fixed point bit depths. The number of samples taken per second is called the sample rate. Bit depth dictates the dynamic range of digital audio by determining the level of the noise floor. Firstly, you may have older third party plugins that you use which dont operate at 32 bit float. As we can also see above, the higher the bit depth is, the smaller the quantization error. When it comes to recording, even at 16 bit, the noise floor is very low. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is the standard form of digital audio in computers. Recording them and then letting them mess with your music will most definitely be harmful to the quality of the sound. Our ears have a complicated mechanism of recognizing a sound and its pitch. 32 bit and 64 bit audio can encode virtually infinite dynamic range. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing. For basic voice recording, we recommend choosing the standard CD of 16 bit and 44.1 kHz. Systems of higher audio bit depths are able to express more possible values: 16-bit: 65,536 values In the modern age of audio, you cant move for mentions of Hi-Res and 24-bit Studio Quality music. The difference with the music file is that those files are normally stereo, which means, two channels left and right as if there were two recordings being played at the same time. HDMI bandwidth is more complicated when accounting for chroma subsampling and video compression. Using bigger sample rate you may face problems with aliasing and compatibility of your equipment and software to the higher sample rates. I have tried to use MediaExtractor and MediaFormat but it gives me only the following information: mediaFormat: {mime=audio/raw, durationUs=10080000, channel-count=1, channel-mask=0, sample-rate=16000} Thats 24 bits of digital ones and zeroes versus the puny 16-bit hangover from the CD era. How will our video be? And Bit Depth is precisely all about the quality of what we capture. In digital audio using pulse-code modulation (PCM), bit depth is the number of bits of information in each sample, and it directly corresponds to the resolution of each sample. Think about this in reverse too: its not possible to capture a signal smaller than the size of the quantization stepironically known as the least significant bit. So, if youre going to be bouncing your audio a few times by moving it from session to session, then 32 bit float offers you the ability not to have to keep applying dither to the audio. With 24 bit the noise floor is lower and the dynamic range is greater, however, 16-bit audio is the standard for CD master records. Unlike fixed point bit depths which have a ceiling at 0dBFS and a noise floor a certain distance beneath, 32 bit float uses its dynamic range differently. In fact, even when converting from a high bit depth to a lower one, provided you use dither, the only difference should be that the lower bit depth version has a higher noise floor. Secondly, some plugins have a sweet spot to consider. In the earlier days of recording, we used to capture analogically in magnetic tapes. If you havent spotted the trend in high-end smartphonesSonys LDAC Bluetooth codecand streaming services like Qobuz, then you really need to start reading this site more. Components of this caliber include interpolation and oversampling, noise shaping, and filtering to smooth out and reduce noise. Yes. To learn more about it, check out our bandwidth calculator, where 1 Megabyte is equivalent to 1,000,000 bytes. That alone explains why those files are so tiny. Because of the large amount of dynamic range, they offer the ability to record without worrying about your gain settings. It is still there and can be played without distortion by attenuating the clip gain to a level where the loudest peaks do not pass 0dBFS. Inputs are sample rate (Hz), bit depth (bits), and the number of channels (mono = 1, stereo = 2, multi-track > 2). If you need to convert a 24-bit audio to 16-bit, some wave information, of course, will be lost. 24 bit is a great bit depth to use in your master record, it has low noise floor and the possible dynamic range thats bigger than the range of normal sounds for human ears. This will give you more headroom to work with than 16 bit. 48 kHz is common when creating music or other audio for video. To understand why, examine whats happening in the 2-bit example with very small signals, such as before 0.2 seconds. You might be familiar with the music industry loudness wars, which certainly defeats the purpose of todays Hi-Res audio formats. Record at 24 bit. There are quite a few things to check out in the example below, so first a quick explanation of what were looking at. 16 bit provides you with more than enough dynamic range to represent even really dynamic music. Small signal changes have to jump up to the nearest quantization level. right? When the source WAV is compressed, the original bit depth information is "thrown away". We already know that we can represent sounds in digital format through the electric signals that we record as samples, and each sample takes up space as defined by the bit depth set during recording. There is no analogue recorder or playback device that is capable of higher resolution than 16 bits. The higher the bit depth, the more data will be captured to more accurately re-create the sound. 24 bit provides each sample with 16,777,216 possible amplitude values. Bit depth is all about noise, and the more bits of data you have to store audio, the less quantization noise will be introduced into your recording. We hope, by now youve cleared all your questions about what is audio sample rate and bit depth and how to choose them. Lets look at how it does this. Many thanks! Uncompressed audio bitrate Every second: 48000 samples of 24 bits Uncompressed bitrate for 1 channel: 1.15 M bps = 144 K B/s Uncompressed bitrate for 2 channels: 2.3 M bps = 288 K B/s Total time: 60 seconds = 1 minute (s) = 0.017 hour (s) Uncompressed filesize: 17.28 M B Compressed bitrates Audio file sizes Heavy use of compression (which boosts noise and attenuates peaks) reduces dynamic range. The levels can then be scaled up or down as necessary in post-production. One minor point though, while an analogue signal is a continuous signal, it is incorrect to characterise it as having an infinite resolution. That was because to burn an audio file to an audio CD, the file has to be 16 bit. Imagine a ramp. An important thing to note is that the higher the bit depth, the lower the level of the noise floor. Delta-sigma DACs convert audio samples into a 1-bit stream (pulse-density modulation) with a very high sample rate. If in a film of thirty seconds you only have three pictures, the quality of your film will be terrible, right? The amplitude of an analog signal is sampled at regular intervals (higher sample rate = shorter intervals) to create a digital representation of the sound source. In simple words,is the difference in volume from the loudest to the most quiet soundIf you have on your instrument (or anything you may be recording) a bigger variation than your audio bit depth is able to capture, those extremes will not be recorded or will be distorted. With a 32 bit float file, if the file is clipping past 0dBFS, the file can be imported into a session and unclipped. This will give you more headroom to work with than 16 bit. A rare author does not dream that his creation will resonate with a wide, NyquistShannon sampling theorem and aliasing. Use the body fat calculator to estimate what percentage of your body weight comprises of body fat. This isnt just theoretical, you can actually hear more and more noise in lower bit-depth audio files. 9. Each sample is assigned a value which is used to represent the amplitude of that sample. But do we really need this much dynamic range? The sequence of these numbers form the representation of the wave in a computer. First, what these stair-step diagrams describe, if we apply them to an audio output, is something called a zero-order-hold DAC. With 24 bits, it reaches more than 16 million possibilities. This is the simplified illustration of how we can reconstruct the wave having the sampling points: However, if the frequency of sampling is greater than half the waves frequency (i.e. Thats a lot of coins, but I can certainly do it. Here, the resolution that we are talking about is information resolution. Larger bit depths have smaller quantization steps and thus smaller levels of noise amplification. As such, youll get the benefits of 32 bit floating point processing in your DAW, even if your audio files are not 32 bit floating point files themselves. In our case, recording. But are those the only things that determines recording quality? Besides, higher sample rates greatly increase the audio files sizes, processing them may overload your computer. At low volumes of 20 to 40dB, masking doesnt occur except for sounds close in pitch. Instead, as weve already established, it simply means that a higher bit depth will have a lower noise floor. There's no reason to record at 32 bit fixed point as 24 bit is already more than enough. The latter produces a lower noise analog output when filtered. As a result, we get file size values in terms of kilobits and megabits. Please, help. With this test grade calculator you'll easily find out the test percentage score and grade. The bit is the unity of measurement that the computer understands. Very quickly: Sample Rate is the number of samples you have, in a second, of you analog signal. Modern sample rates for recording music start from 44,1kHz. There's also no real benefit to creating 32 bit floating point files when recording. If you want to know the dynamic range, the bit depth indicator comes in handy. The dynamic nature of the ear and listening material makes it hard to give a precise number, but the real dynamic range of your hearing is likely in the region of 70dB in an average environment, down to just 40dB in very loud environments. The majority of other genres will use much less. Low res audio is often shown off as a staircase waveform. This is the rounding error in action, which has the effect of amplifying small-signal noise. Cut-off at 11kHz = Bitrate of 64 kbps. 1 ). If you have ever seen an audio wave form reproduced in real time (on some sort of oscilloscope), you will see quiet sections of audio have very small peaks and valleys. Audio files contain information about a sound recording like a voice, music, and even white noise. The sample rate should be above that. This is a very simple and cheap DAC technology where a signal is switched between various levels every new sample to give an output. Well, even if you were working with really dynamic material like classical music for example, it would still only use about 50dB 60dB of dynamic range at the most. By clicking below, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms. Theyre not suitable for use as the bit depth of your final track which you will then upload to a digital distributor. music is only produced and recorded with so much fidelity, are highly debatable if not simply a placebo. For those of us recording musical instruments in recording studios however, would this be necessary? At the bottom, we have a graph of the quantization error or rounding noise, which is calculated by subtracting the quantized signal from the input signal. We take the 20kHz as the highest audible frequency, and calculate our sample rate a bit higher than twice that. Internally, MP3 uses Huffman symbols to store the processed audio data. This is not used in any professional or half-decent consumer audio products. On top of all that: as loudness increases, higher frequency masking takes effect in your ear. 44.100 x 16 x 2 = 1,411,200 bits per second or 1,411 kbps. Note that Im talking here about 32 bit fixed point, not 32 bit float, which well move onto in a moment. Knowing the value of noise figures can help reduce any unwanted disruption in processing and transferring an audio file. When exporting a recording, besides WAV of AIFF, formats in high resolution, youll probably make a copy in mp3. However, if you look at the audio output of any audio digital to analog converter (DAC) built this century, you wont see any stair-steps. Each bit corresponds to 6 db (decibels). In the animated illustration below, we can see the differences between some bit depth values to see the differences in the quality of samples we obtain from them: As we can see in the above illustration, some of our sample points did not quite meet with our considered waveform. Your ear has a sensitivity ranging from 0dB (silence) to about 120dB (painfully loud sound), and the theoretical ability (depending on a few factors) to discern volumes is just 1dB apart. As I mentioned earlier, this should only be used if the audio file is going to be imported into a DAW. audio file size = bit depth * sample rate * duration of audio * number of channels, audio file size = 16 bits/sample * 44.1 kHz (or samples/sec) * 5 minutes * 2 channels, audio file size = 16 bits/sample * 44,100 samples/sec * 300 seconds * 2 channels, audio file size = 423,460,000 bits * (1 byte / 8 bits) * (1 Megabyte / 1,000,000 bytes). After that, this audio will be limited by the rate you chose to record with. Before someone bites my head off, technically speaking these stair-step examples do somewhat accurately portray audio in the digital domain. Cut-off at 19 kHz = Bitrate of 192 kbps. Thats a lot of info to take on board. In the picture, the actual wave we sample is in red, but the wave we may reconstruct from the measurements is in black. Frequencies higher than a human ear can hear, if they are recorded, will give additional distortion throughout the audible spectrum. Hence, each added bit to the bit depth doubles the highest value the sample can store, in the the dynamic range terms that means 6dB. We can see some noise but no noticeable stair-steps so often portrayed by audio companies. First of all, consider how many samples we collected (Sample Rate); after you multiply it by the resolution of each sample (Bit Depth) finding the Bit Rate, that is the total of bits that your recording reproduced in one second. An 8-bit signal has an SNR of 48dB, 12 bits is 72dB, while 16-bit hits 96dB, and 24 bits a whopping 144dB. Calculate File Size. yes? 16-bit files, of course, take less space than 24-bit or greater, and this standard was chosen for discs as it doesnt take much space. This audio file size calculator will help you estimate how much space an uncompressed audio file will take up on your computer's storage. In a sample we store the number related to the voltage the wave produces, in other words, the power of the wave, its loudness. The sounds we hear are, in fact, sound waves that travel through the air or other substances. That is what the computer does when converting analog signal to digital signal. Today, it all goes inside the computer. What is the best audio bitrate for DJs, producers, and audiophiles? You also have the ability to bounce down audio as a 32 bit floating point file. So these rounding errors are introducing a new noise signal. Well also look at the key bit depths including 16 bit, 24 bit and 32 bit float to discover which bit depth to use and when. Its important that before choosing a high sample rate you need to be sure all your appliances and software do support it. So, knowing the NyquistShannon sampling theorem, we can figure out the lowest sample rate possible for recording music if we want to record all the audible spectrum. We are talking about recording audible songs. The most common values of audio bit depth we find today are 16 bits and 24 bits. If that ramp was to be represented by a ladder of 16 million (24 bits) microscopic steps, it would still be a ramp to the naked eye, wouldnt it? That needs to have a fixed point bit depth. We discussed that to record music we take samples of the sound wave with a certain sample rate. You can find more information on our privacy practices at www.mixinglessons.com/privacy-and-cookies-policy. As such, a higher bit depth provides greater dynamic range. Cars passing by in the video seem to pass by in front of you. An 8-bit, 10kHz sine wave output captured from a low-cost Pixel 3a smartphone. Is it distortion or fuzz, are details lost forever? is the difference in volume from the loudest to the most quiet sound. The ability to capture audio without having to worry about gain could be very useful to people who record sounds with extremely high and/or unpredictable levels. As such, this system provides you with the ability to push the levels of things like your instrument channels and the input/output of plugins up and down within your DAW without having to worry about either falling below the noise floor or clipping. One such recorder is the Zoom F6. Now that we know what an audio file is, let us learn about how audio files take up storage space. MP3s, besides having pre defined sample rate, normally dont have constant bit depth. Decibels is not a linear scale of volume of the sound as well. As such, the 144dB of dynamic range that 24 bit offers is already high enough to capture sounds lower than we can hear and louder than we can tolerate. But after the work is finished, its better to bounce your project to 24-bit audio. In a nutshell: modern DACs dont output rough-looking jagged audio samplesthey output a bit stream that is noise filtered into a very accurate, smooth output. This gives a theoretical dynamic range of 144 dB, while 16-bit audio delivers 96 dB. In this article, well share with you mastering tips. Bit depth dictates the number of possible amplitude values of one sample. When your analogue signal is sampled, its amplitude is matched to the closest of the available digital values. Cut-off at 16 kHz = Bitrate of 128 kbps. When your 192kHz song will be downsampled for CD or streaming platform, these ultrasonic frequencies may cause aliases in the audible spectrum. So you could record at 16 bit and still have a decent amount of dynamic range. Multiple these two, and then double it for stereo. The most common bit depths for recording and bouncing audio are 16 bit and 24 bit. The need for higher and higher bit depths isnt based on scientific reality, but rather on a twisting of the truth and exploiting a lack of consumer awareness about the science of sound. We only have to multiply the bit rate by the duration of the recorded sound and then multiply it by the number of channels, as shown below: audio file size = bit rate * duration of audio in seconds * number of channels. And the answer is simple: no! Now that we know what digital audio is and what bit depth in audio is, as well as the other parameters that represent audio in digital format, let us now consider an example on how to calculate audio file sizes. But how do we get digital recording from these analog waves, and what parameters of bit depth and sample rate is better to use for recording, mixing and mastering? These two graphs plot the same data points but the stair plot appears much less accurate. I can get as far as $18 only with 1 cent coins. Bouncing 32 bit float files gives you an advantage that a fixed point bit depth file does not. In an analog camera, it is how many pictures or frames you have in one second of film. Now imagine that we should represent it by a ladder with steps. So what gives? Ive edited the article to avoid any confusion. To determine the file size of an audio file, we have to multiply the bit rate of the audio by its duration in seconds. What Royalty Rate Do Mixing and Mastering Engineers Get? We mix and master hit projects, so we know all about songs from their creation and recording to mixing and mastering them up to the highest industry standards. This process is called quantization. However, when transporting it to the DAW, you should have in mind everything we talked about. As such, these plugins will clip if the signal goes over 0dBFS. If we compare again with a video, the Bit Depthis the resolution of the pictures you took. The theorem states that the frequency of sampling of a wave must be greater than twice the highest frequency in the wave, in this case the wave can be accurately reconstructed from these measurements. When filtered, this produces a smooth output signal with noise pushed well out of audible frequencies. Sometimes the amplitude of the signal will fall between two values. Bit depth - The bit depth determines how much information can be stored. We refer to the level of the quantization noise as the noise floor. But 32 bit float can offer that safety net. This is by design in any compressed audio codec since the whole point is to use the least bits possible to store the "same" audio. Theres no benefit to bouncing your final track at 24 bit. Bit depth sets out the number of potential amplitude values that can be recorded into a system, which determines the total dynamic range of the recorded digital audio.. Acoustic soundwaves have a countless number of possible amplitude values because they are continuous waves.In order for us to digitally measure soundwaves accurately, we need to establish their amplitude . The audio bit depth determines the number of possible amplitude values we can record for each sample. The most common audio bit depths are 16-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit. A question that people ask is does 24 bit sound better than 16 bit? So you would really only bounce down to 32 bit float if the audio file was going to be imported into a DAW. Its not suitable for the final bounce. Bit Rare is nothing more than that: the amount of bits reproduced or recorded in one second. The ideas of Bit Depth, Sample Rate and Bit Rate only have meaning here, in the digital world. Theres no reason to record at 32 bit fixed point as 24 bit is already more than enough. Bits, sample rates and buffer What are those? As such, there's no real "bit depth" to report. So the 192dB of dynamic range offered by 32 bit fixed point is completely unnecessary. Use 24-bit bit depth for your final master records and youll not see any problems with releasing your songs. This generally occurs in plugins which are designed to model analogue equipment. Larger bit depths produce less noise. Time will tell. After reading, Music is born to be heard. Thats how noise cancellation works. With the basics covered, lets move onto 32 bit floating point. Check out 28 similar photo and video calculators . On the other hand, they seem stretched out when they have a deep sound, or are low-pitched. Estimate audio size! 32 bit float also doesnt require dither. Audio bit rate values range from as low as 32 kilobits per second (kbps) to as high as 18 megabits per second (Mbps). This demonstrates that noise happens at all the different quantization levels, so theres a consistent level of noise for any given bit-depth. We have our input (blue) and quantized (orange) waveforms in the top charts, with bit depths of 2, 4, and 8 bits. That way, after being captured by microphones, the wave goes through a A/D Converter(analog to digital) in the audio interface input. Bit depths in physical media Here are some Sample Rates and Bit Depths of known media formats: CD: reproduces audio in 44.1kHz (Sample Rate) and 16 bits (Bit Depth); DVD: reproduces audio and video in 48 kHz (Sample Rate) and 16 or 24 bits (Bit Depth); This information includes how the volume and pitch of these recorded sounds change and the total duration of the recording. To demonstrate, lets step back from 16 and 24 bits and look at very small bit-depth examples. USB condenser microphone - Is it worthy? The type of compression used to shrink down the file size of your music library or stream has a much more noticeable impact on sound quality than whether its a 16 or 24-bit file. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) - How it can destroy your recording. Plus, the increase in file sizes and bandwidth makes them unnecessary. if less than two measurements are taken through one waves cycle), when reconstructing the wave, we are likely to produce a wrong wave with lower frequency. Sound sampling - What is bit depth in audio? Spotify uses values between 96 kbps to 160 kbps, which are perfect for everyday listening. So a 24 bit audio file wont sound more detailed and clear than a 16 bit audio file. In simple terms each sample is a measured voltage, the energy the wave creates inside the equipment at each point in time. Well, you can create 32 bit float files from the outset if you want. If each one of my pictures has 2 bits, it is 20 bits per second in my video. But thats not really necessary. It makes no difference if it is a recording or a reproduction. Audio-grade ADCs and DACs are predominantly based on delta-sigma () modulation. So, the bit depth multiplied by 6 gives us the decibel range the sample can cover. Something about 32 bit floating point thats worth considering is this Although you have the ability with 32 bit floating point processing to let your audio go past 0dBFS in your DAW without clipping, I still recommend that you treat 0dBFS as a ceiling. As 0 dB is a threshold of hearing, and quiet sounds like whisper are at about 30dB, whereas a rock concert loudness is close to 120 dB, we can see that the span of 96dB (16 bit audio) can contain pretty impressive dynamic range from very quiet to very loud sounds. Next time, when starting another session, remember to set it correctly. On the other hand, we can relate the loudness of the sound to the amplitude of the waves. The equation 20log(2n), where n is the bit-depth, gives us the SNR. However, we hear audio quality differences when we begin to listen to 320 kbps (the highest quality MP3 can get) up to 1411.2 kbps (CD-quality audio). Bit Rate (kbps): Reset Uncompressed (WAV, AIFF etc.) The question arises then, how often these samples must be taken to record a sound wave correctly. Any signal quieter than the noise floor will be masked by the noise floor. What bit depth do you usually go for when you record and bounce your audio, and why? Bit rate is in both of them. As such, you will achieve different tonal characteristics based on the level at which you send signals into the plugin. However, you may use higher sample rates while mixing and mastering for convenience. Hz is the frequency measure and shows the number of cycles the wave has per second. For constant bit rates: Bit rate = (Sample rate) x (Bit depth) x (Number of channels) A little bit of algebra later. This is for two reasons. Multiply the total number of pixels by the number of 'bits' of colour (usually 24) and divide the result by 8 (because there are 8 'bits' in a 'byte'). We already know that audio bit depth determines the depth of samples captured. Audio files come in a variety of file formats and compressions that minimize the space they take up. WAV File Size Calculator. Combining all the concepts mentioned above, we can now develop the complete audio file size calculation formula for uncompressed audio files. CD-quality may be only 16 bit, but its overkill for quality. (function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='COMPANY';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='ADDRESS';ftypes[2]='address';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true); Well explained and totally agree with your article. As such, I recommend that you set your session to 24 bit when you record, rather than 32 bit float. Examples of typical values are: . Learn more about Mailchimp's privacy practices here. So the depth of bits is the precision that any nuance can be properly represented in the digital signal. Every once in a while a sound wave is measured and a sample of the waves energy, the pressure it carries, is taken and recorded as a number. If you do that, you either have a very good reason for it, or you are probably inexperienced! Ultimately, music is only produced and recorded with so much fidelity. Like when determining image file sizes, audio bit depth also represents the quality of a digital representation of a sound in terms of dynamic range (or the said range of volumes). Bit depth defines the number of values that are available in each sample. At the same time, all the audible spectrum can be accurately recorded using the standard sample rate of 44,1kHz. 32 bit offers 4,294,967,296 values and a dynamic range of 192dB. SAMPLE RATE (kHz) * BIT DEPTH (bits) * 2 = AUDIO BITRATE (kbps) For example: The sample rate and bit depth of an audio CD are 44,1kHz and 16 bits. And they are stored as numbers. Well, the standard bit depth for this for a long time was 16 bit. 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