A second purpose for program evaluation is to change practice, which is appropriate in the implementation stage when an established program seeks to describe what it has done and to what extent. Quality. Preskill HS, Torres RT. Green JC, Caracelli V, eds. Safeguarding the confidentiality of information and information sources. Opposition to a program might stem from differing values regarding what change is needed or how to achieve it. Agents and actants, people and things, are networked together by their runners and rooting connectivity. Cook TD, Campbell DT. Regardless of how communications are constructed, the goal for dissemination is to achieve full disclosure and impartial reporting. Obtaining feedback can be encouraged by holding periodic discussions during each step of the evaluation process and routinely sharing interim findings, provisional interpretations, and draft reports. Quantity refers to the amount of evidence gathered in an evaluation. Discrepant events trigger a need for explanation; for a process that can explain discrepancies. ; and Lori B. de Ravello, M.P.H. Kenneth A. Schachter, M.D., M.B.A. Include an adequate summary of the evaluation plan and procedures. Epidemiology Program Office: Jeanne L. Alongi, M.P.H. Available at <, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Using Weicks (1995) sensemaking theory and a phenomenological approach, the researchers sought to investigate the process by which parents choose non-public education. ; Andrew L. Dannenberg, M.D., M.P.H. One of the virtues of a logic model is its ability to summarize the program's overall mechanism of change by linking processes (e.g., laboratory diagnosis of disease) to eventual effects (e.g., reduced tuberculosis incidence). Administrator, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. How can theory-based evaluation make greater headway? National Center for Environmental Health: Jami L. Fraze, M.S.Ed. Issues and debates on evidence relevant to the evaluation of community health promotion programs. literary theory, linguistics, history, philosophy) and the domain of organisational practice (Starbuck 2003). Program descriptions will vary for each evaluation, and various activities reflect the requirement to describe the program (e.g., using multiple sources of information to construct a well-rounded description) (Box 3). These evaluation processes, though informal, are adequate for ongoing program assessment to guide small changes in program functions and objectives. DTI Technologies. Only through interlocked behaviours can the meaning of particular environmental events and displays be negotiated (Miller, 2002, p. 200). Thus, the recommended framework is one of several tools that CDC can use with its partners to improve and account for their health promotion and disease or injury prevention work. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Evaluation Society, 1995. Complex systems science clarifies when and why such assumptions fail and provides alternative frameworks for understanding the properties of complex systems. Additional uses for evaluation flow from the process of conducting the evaluation; these process uses have value and should be encouraged because they complement the uses of the evaluation findings (Box 12) (7,38,93,94). Only then will we be able to realize and demonstrate the success of our vision -- healthy people in a healthy world through prevention. Creative techniques (e.g., the Delphi process**) could be used to establish consensus among stakeholders when assigning value judgments (90). Evaluation strategies for communicating and reporting: enhancing learning in organizations. Applying a theory of change approach to the evaluation of comprehensive community initiatives: progress, prospects, and problems. Karl Weick developed the knowledge management theory of organizing in the 1960s, presented here with emphasis on its empirical application in organizational case studies exploring sensemaking through organizing.This discussion is taken from my uOttawa MA in Communication thesis (2015, pp. Koplan JP. Sensemaking seems to be associated with the conceptualization of disruptive events as emblematic situations, either real or hypothetical. 5 (3/4): 17-182. Yin RK. Vaara, E., & Tienari, J. A program's mission, goals, and objectives all represent varying levels of specificity regarding a program's expectations. Public Health Practice Program Office, William Kassler, M.D. Program descriptions set the frame of reference for all subsequent decisions in an evaluation. (1992: 10) claim that Lewins . Judgments. En palabras de Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, hacer sentido implica el desarrollo retrospectivo en el presente, de imgenes plausibles que racionalizan lo que la gente est haciendo, lo que significa que ste puede entenderse como un proceso significativo de organizacin (Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, 2005: 409). Weiss CH. The sensemaking debate also includes discussions about whether sensemaking results in action (Sackman, 1991; Thomas, Clark, & Gioia, 1993), whether it is more likely to inform action (Feldman, 1989), and whether sensemaking is a private or a singular activity (Gioia & Chittipeddi, 1991; Ring & Rands, 1989). American Journal of Evaluation 1998;19(1):1-19. Analysis and Synthesis. 30 Bandura, A. Written survey (e.g. While aspects of this process have been studied by other disciplines under other names for centuries, the term "antenarrative", coined by David Boje in 2001,[1] has four primary uses. Establishing accountability for program results is predicated on an ability to conduct evaluations that assess both of these kinds of effects. In: Fulbright-Anderson K, Kubisch AC, Connell JP, eds. WebBackground of the perspective. The purposes of this report are to. Weick deems it a cosmology episode, an interlude in which the orderliness of the universe is called into question because both understanding and procedures for sensemaking collapse together (p. 109; see also Weick, 1993). 1994. p. 21. Like other elements of the evaluation, the reporting strategy should be discussed in advance with intended users and other stakeholders. GAO/PEMD-10.1.4. Effective program evaluation is a systematic way to improve and account for public health actions by involving procedures that are useful, feasible, ethical, and accurate. BOX 1. and services. CDC sets millennium priorities. Correspondingly, only a minimal burden should be placed on respondents for providing information. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an 1-15. The other source of human interaction problems, sensemaking, has played a role in major system disasters. New Directions for Program Evaluation, vol 82; San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass 1999. Boruch RF. Personnel evaluation standards: how to assess systems for evaluating educators. Occasionally, stakeholders might be inclined to use their involvement in an evaluation to sabotage, distort, or discredit the program. WebNegative capability is a phrase first used by Romantic poet John Keats in 1817 to explain the capacity of the greatest writers (particularly Shakespeare) to pursue a vision of artistic beauty even when it leads them into intellectual confusion and uncertainty, as opposed to a preference for philosophical certainty over artistic beauty. Knowledge from such an evaluation provides information concerning the practicality of a new approach, which can be used to design a program that will be tested for its effectiveness. As an independent publisher, SAGE Business & Management has been at the forefront of research and scholarship, marked by our influential journals, textbooks, and digital resources that unite theory and practice.We are committed to informing researchers and educating students to build a thriving global society and make a difference in a rapidly changing world. Stating uses in vague terms that appeal to many stakeholders increases the chances the evaluation will not fully address anyone's needs. Hearing the voice of the market: competitive advantage through creative use of market information. Descriptions should be sufficiently detailed to ensure understanding of program goals and strategies. Standard 2: feasibility, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide - 3 rd Ed., 2004) states that project managers can spend an inordinate amount of time communicating with the project team, stakeholders, customer and sponsor (p. 221). New York, NY: Longman, 1996. Henry GT. CDC convened an Evaluation Working Group, charged with developing a framework that summarizes and organizes the basic elements of program evaluation. Sensemaking seems to be associated with the conceptualization of disruptive events as emblematic situations, either real or hypothetical. Karl Weick developed the knowledge management theory of organizing in the 1960s, presented here with emphasis on its empirical application in organizational case studies exploring sensemaking through organizing.This discussion is taken from my uOttawa MA in Communication thesis (2015, pp. Weick KE. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. Baldridge index outperforms S&P 500 for fifth year. Epidemiology Program Office, Janet L. Collins, Ph.D., M.S. A logic model describes the sequence of events for bringing about change by synthesizing the main program elements into a picture of how the program is supposed to work (23-35). Checklist for ensuring effective evaluation reports, BOX 12. 8 (SMA)93-2041. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Resource requirements could be reduced when users are willing to employ more timely but less precise evaluation methods. In recent years, some have disparaged Lewin for advancing an overly simplistic model. Immersion in the logic, reasoning, and values of evaluation can lead to lasting impacts (e.g., basing decisions on systematic judgments instead of on unfounded assumptions) (7). The logic model can be used as a template to define a spectrum of indicators leading from program activities to expected effects (23,29-35). To describe the three resilience stages in more detail, we follow studies that understand organizational resilience as offensive response to unexpected events (adaptation) (e.g., Weick et al. In antenarrative theory the many ends of a narrative come first, then the elements of the past come next, leading to the creation of a narrative. (Public Health Prevention Service); Jennifer L. Wiley, M.H.S.E. Organizational sensemaking process (Weick, 1999). In drawing on these disciplines it absorbed WebGary Klein (born February 5, 1944 in New York City, New York, U.S.) is a research psychologist famous for pioneering in the field of naturalistic decision making. As David Boje says "This is a connection between more immediate-emergence-sensemaking and a prospective-sensemaking that anticipated a possible future by enacting particular sorts of actions of caring and in-Being involved, for a while, iteratively. Phillips JJ. Among the items to consider when focusing an evaluation are purpose, users, uses, questions, methods, and agreements. Public health work involves partnerships; therefore, any assessment of a public health program requires considering the value systems of the partners. The framework comprises steps in program evaluation practice and standards for effective program evaluation. In practice, primary users will be a subset of all stakeholders identified. Public Health Service. This is because Antenarrative shifts the perspective taken when asking "why?" In: Bickman L, Rog DJ, eds. Design sensitivity: statistical power for applied experimental research. ACCESSIBILITY, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report First, the thesis examined equivocality (variances in perceptions)among key stakeholder groups about the meaning, ethics, uses and practices, and value of ethical hacking. 2nd ed. Quantity. For most programs, the effects unfold over time; therefore, the descriptions of expectations should be organized by time, ranging from specific (i.e., immediate) to broad (i.e., long-term) consequences. So the emphasis of praxis is on reducing potential sources of unpredictability and on reaching common understandings among various stakeholders. Contact GPO for current prices. If they indicate that the evidence presented is incomplete and that no action would be taken, this is a sign that the planned evaluation should be modified. The first two uses of antenarrative are as the before(ante)-narrative, existing as story is turned to narrative, and a bet (ante) narrative, placed in hopes that something will become a retrospective narrative. Alexandria, VA: United Way of America, 1996. The framework encourages an evaluation approach that is designed to be helpful and engages all interested stakeholders in a process that welcomes their participation. Various activities reflect the requirement to focus the evaluation design (Box 5). Preparing for use also gives stakeholders time to explore positive and negative implications of potential results and time to identify options for program improvement. Investigators into sensemaking practices and processes have conceptualized it in different ways. Have we learned anything new about the use of evaluation? Connell JP, Kubisch AC. Scientists, particularly social and behavioral scientists, can bring expertise to the development of evaluation questions, methods, and evidence gathering strategies. VC-0017. Applied Social Research Methods Series, vol 5. Something of a cross between a reading group and a seminar, TAOP blends emergent conversation with academic rigor into dynamic episodes that cover key works and themes in organization studies. Miller, Joseph, and Apker (2000) examined how employees make sense of ambiguously defined organizational roles. ; Steven B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Propriety/15-A Experimental designs use random assignment to compare the effect of an intervention with otherwise equivalent groups (49). uO Research. Paul Lawrence (1922 2011) and Jay Lorsch (1932) are/were two scholars associated with the contingency school. Toward distinguishing empowerment evaluation and placing it in a larger context. Interviews could be held with specific intended users to better understand their information needs and time line for action. What standards (i.e., type or level of performance) must be reached for the program to be considered successful? Using a logic model to focus health services on population health goals. Although all types of data have limitations, an evalu- ation's overall credibility can be improved by using multiple procedures for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data. CONTACT World Health Organization (Euro), 1999 (In press). multiple dimensions, including technological, marketing, and. McQueen DV, Anderson LM. The procedures for gathering evidence in an evaluation (Box 8) must be aligned with the cultural conditions in each setting of the project and scrutinized to ensure that the privacy and confidentiality of the information and sources are protected (59,60,84). Accuracy/16-K Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Kathleen M. MacQueen, Ph.D., M.P.H. 1600 Clifton Rd, MailStop E-90, Atlanta, GA Sanders JR. Self-leadership: T oward an expanded theory of self-influence processes in organizations Academy of Management Review, 1 1 (3), 585-600. Fiscal responsibility Weick 1 1990 Technology and organizations Technology as equivoque: Sensemaking in new technologies 112. Data Literacy National Quality Program. What is philosophy?, trans. (Public Health Prevention Service); Peter A. Briss, M.D. The question-development phase also might expose differing stakeholder opinions regarding the best unit of analysis. Dissemination is the process of communicating either the procedures or the lessons learned from an evaluation to relevant audiences in a timely, unbiased, and consistent fashion. The Evaluation Working Group, with representatives from throughout CDC and in collaboration with state and local health officials, sought input from eight reference groups during its year-long information-gathering phase. The core issue here is that humans often do not do a good job in making sense of the information streaming at them, especially in stressful situations. provides a proven course for organizations to improve significantly the quality of their goods Verify that participants' rights are protected. individual or group; structured, semistructured, or conversational); Group assessment (e.g. Eoyang GH, Berkas T. Evaluation in a complex adaptive system. Agreements. nonfederal public health program directors. Sources. the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. brainstorming or nominal group [i.e., a structured group process conducted to elicit and rank priorities, set goals, or identify problems]); Semantic differentials, paired comparisons, similarity or dissimilarity tests; Pile sorting (i.e., a technique that allows respondents to freely categorize items, revealing how hey perceive the structure of a domain); Free-listing (i.e., a technique to elicit a complete list of all items in a cultural domain); Choosing indicators that meaningfully address evaluation questions; Describing fully the attributes of information sources and the rationale for their selection; Establishing clear procedures and training staff to collect high-quality information; Monitoring periodically the quality of information obtained and taking practical steps to improve quality; Estimating in advance the amount of information required or establishing criteria for deciding when to stop collecting data in situations where an iterative or evolving process is used; and. For example, Dutton and Dukerich (1991) focused their analysis of sensemaking on issues of identity: using the image of the mirror metaphor to articulate an interconnected and intersubjective creation of identity in relation to the organizational image. Such information can be used to better describe program processes, to improve how the program operates, and to fine-tune the overall program strategy. Battle Creek, MI: W.K. ; David J. Sencer, M.D., M.P.H. American Journal of Evaluation 1998;19(3):367-79. Descriptions of the program's context should include the setting and environmental influences (e.g., history, geography, politics, social and economic conditions, and efforts of related or competing organizations) within which the program operates (6). Rugg D, Buehler J, Renaud M, et al. Various activities reflect the requirement to engage stakeholders (Box 2) (14). Logic Model. summarize the essential elements of program evaluation; provide a framework for conducting effective program evaluations; review standards for effective program evaluation; and. For example, some participants might be willing to discuss their health behavior with a stranger, whereas others are more at ease with someone they know. When an expectation is disconfirmed, an ongoing activity is interrupted. Weicks basic sensemaking model (1969, 1979), subsequently elaborated in Sensemaking in organizations (1995), emphasizes communication processes for resolving equivocality in the information environment. Accuracy/16-I CDCynergy (Version 1.0) [CD ROM]. The teaching of organization theory and the conduct of organizational research have been dominated by a focus on decision making and the conception of strategic rationality. *** Evidence demonstrates that the evaluative processes required to win the Baldridge Award have helped American businesses outperform their competitors (103). During the course of an evaluation, methods might need to be revised or modified. Step 4: Gather credible evidence. Accuracy/16-L, Values identification If a program is judged to be of merit, other questions might arise regarding whether the program is worth its cost. However, when interacted with the Step 5: Justify conclusions. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 1997. Prospective evaluation methods: the prospective evaluation synthesis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994. Introduction. Provide all necessary technical information (e.g., in appendices). It has been defined as "the ongoing retrospective development of plausible images that rationalize what people are doing" (Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005, p. 409).The concept was introduced to organizational studies by Karl E. Weick in the 1970s and has affected both Follow-Up. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. And. It is an equivocal environment if individuals can put forth many viable or plausible explanations for an event. Accuracy/16-B Theory as method: small theories of treatments. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1999. In such situations, the goal for evaluation is to gather credible evidence that describes each program's contribution in the combined change effort. The standards provide practical guidelines to follow when having to decide among evaluation options. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980. Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Other stakeholders might have questions concerning the performance of a single program or a local project within a program. Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sanctions to be applied, if any, should not result from discovering negative findings, but from failing to use the learning to change for greater effectiveness (10). Performance measurement: problems and solutions. ; Charles W. Gollmar; Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. In the end, whether a given standard has been addressed adequately in a particular situation is a matter of judgment" (12). Impartial reporting Furthermore, the standards can be applied while planning an evaluation and throughout its implementation. of qualified reviewers whose identities are usually not revealed to one another. During the last stage, enough time has passed for the program's effects to emerge; the goal of evaluation is to identify and account for both intended and unintended effects. Specify the standards and criteria for evaluative judgments. WebSensemaking or sense-making is the process by which people give meaning to their collective experiences. Public-health-oriented foundations (e.g., W.K. Weicks complex theory aims to illuminate the process of organizing during which active agents construct sensible, sensable events (Weick, 1995, p. 4). Karl Weick developed the knowledge management theory of organizing in the 1960s, presented here with emphasis on its empirical application in organizational case studies exploring sensemaking through organizing. In day-to-day public health practice, stakeholders are consulted; program goals are defined; guiding questions are stated; data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted; judgments are formed; and lessons are shared. 20, No. Emphasis on design of information systems. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992; publication no. Those persons who participate in an evaluation can experience profound changes in thinking and behavior. This review introduces Utility/13-E Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990; publication no. Advocates, clear communicators, creative thinkers, and members of the power structure can help ensure that lessons learned from the evaluation influence future decision-making regarding program strategy. Moreover, stakeholders might have differing ideas regarding program goals and purposes. From his perspective, sensemaking is an ongoing, retrospective process where people make sense of themselves and their situations and develop plausible images of themselves and their situations that motivate/rationalize their actions [ 43 ]. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 1991;6(2):95-106. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Step 6: Ensure use and share lessons learned. Such influences might be to supplement the program intervention (e.g., using a follow-up questionnaire to reinforce program messages); empower program participants (e.g., increasing a client's sense of control over program direction); promote staff development (e.g., teaching staff how to collect, analyze, and interpret evidence); contribute to organizational growth (e.g., clarifying how the program relates to the organization's mission); or facilitate social transformation (e.g., advancing a community's struggle for self-determination) (7,38-42). Recommendations are actions for consideration resulting from the evaluation. Prevention effectiveness: a guide to decision analysis and economic evaluation. Facilitating use of evaluation findings also carries with it the responsibility for preventing misuse (7,12,74,93,94). RSS established a public-private partnership focused on encouraging American business and other They used the term understanding to refer to a mutual activity. Ten organizational practices of public health: a historical perspective. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988. Applied ethics for program evaluation. Primary analysis surprisingly shows that ESG controversies are associated with greater firm value. 81: Diversity and Inclusion EGOS 2021 Special LIVE; 82: Women of Organizational Scholarship Classics The antenarrative is pre-narrative, a bet that a fragmented polyphonic story will make retrospective, narrative, sense in the future. Applying KW and VSM in communication studies (example). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1991. publication no. What Have We Learned? Intangible factors (e.g., service quality, community capacity [71], or interorganizational relations) that also affect the program can be measured by systematically recording markers of what is said or done when the concept is expressed (72,73). Thompson, NJ, McClintock HO. Standards. Questions regarding values, in contrast with those regarding facts, generally involve three interrelated issues: merit (i.e., quality), worth (i.e., cost-effectiveness), and significance (i.e., importance) (3). Social Sensemaking Available Now PLUS Free Share and Giveaway Mental Health, Risk and Safety Vision Cant Come from Safety Compliance Due Diligence and Holistic Ergonomics Workshops What Safety and Risk Could Learn From Patch Adams 10 Reasons Why Safety Can Never Make You Happy The Deficit Focus and Safety Balance Selected techniques for gathering evidence, BOX 9. A spotlight on uOttawa's bullying problem. The notion of a communicative constitution Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health, 1993. Linney JA, Wandersman A. It is a practical, nonprescriptive tool, designed to summarize and organize the essential elements of program evaluation. Evaluation: methods for studying programs and policies. ; Imani Maat, Ed.D., Ed.M., M.C.P. Therefore, by using the standard of social equity, their judgment concerning program performance would be negative. In the context of an evaluation, such disagreement can be a catalyst for clarifying relevant values and for negotiating the appropriate bases on which the program should be judged. WebA complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. Verify that the report is accurate and unbiased. National Immunization Program: Susan Y. Chu, Ph.D., M.S.P.H. Publication of this framework also emphasizes CDC's continuing commitment to improving overall community health. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. Evaluating community efforts to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Case study research: design and methods. It also partly determines whether the evaluation will have sufficient power to detect effects (83). Rootman I, Goodstadt M, Hyndman B, et al., eds. Participants bracket (notice) events in such a way that the environment becomes constituted. Designing evaluations. Knowledge and public policy: the search for meaningful indicators. The engaging three-day single-track program, all of which is included in your registration, covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I cordially invite you to participate in the 2015 Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference and contribute to the continued success of this rapidly growing annual event at the intersection of medicine and engineering. Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. U.S. General Accounting Office. World Health Organization (Euro), 1999 (In press). In this episode, we read the classic article Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations published in 1967 in Administrative Science Quarterly, arguably the flagship journal of our discipline. Choosing a theory for an assignment or report is made easier, since you are able to browse through the different theories. Because indicators translate general concepts regarding the program, its context, and its expected effects into specific measures that can be interpreted, they provide a basis for collecting evidence that is valid and reliable for the evaluation's intended uses. Theory driven evaluations. Metaevaluation, Propriety/15-C CDC. The defining characteristics of risk are mainly exposure and uncertainty (for the case to be considered risk). By studying experts such as firefighters in their natural environment, he discovered that laboratory models of decision making could not describe it under uncertainty. OT publishes theory papers on different subjects within organization and management studies, including work within subject areas such as strategy, organizational behavior, work and employment relations, human resource management, international business, general management, public administration, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, ethics, and Created in 1999 by Dave Snowden when he worked for IBM Global Services, it has been described as a "sense-making device". Context. Practical procedures What is being learned from the evaluation? Patton MQ. This definition is deliberately broad because the framework can be applied to almost any organized public health activity, including direct service interventions, community mobilization efforts, research initiatives, surveillance systems, policy development activities, outbreak investigations, laboratory diagnostics, communication campaigns, infrastructure-building projects, training and educational services, and administrative systems. Evaluation and Program Planning 1997;20(3):251-7. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Jeffrey R. Harris, M.D. In addition, those with group facilitation skills might be asked to help elicit unspoken expectations regarding the program and to expose hidden values that partners bring to the effort. The accuracy of a program description can be confirmed by consulting with diverse stakeholders, and reported descriptions of program practice can be checked against direct observation of activities in the field. Ethics and Philosophy Examining the organizing processes of enactment, selection, and retention can shed light on how perceptions are constructed/sensemaking. Utility/13-F Interpretation is the effort of figuring out what the findings mean and is part of the overall effort to understand the evidence gathered in an evaluation (88). Primary analysis surprisingly shows that ESG controversies are associated with greater firm value. The first is to gain insight, which happens, for example, when assessing the feasibility of an innovative approach to practice. Where Causation in the physical sciences answers why with physical properties; antenarrative reorients why to embrace human intentionality, imagination, and agency. The choice of design has implications for what will count as evidence, how that evidence will be gathered, and what kind of claims can be made (including the internal and external validity of conclusions) (55). Deborah A. Deppe, M.P.A. Organizing is the resolving of equivocality in an enacted environment by means of interlocked behaviors embedded in conditionally related process (Weick, 1969, p. 11). and 14 other professional organizations (ANSI Standard No. Instead, the practical approach endorsed by this framework focuses on questions that will improve the program by using context-sensitive methods and analytic techniques that summarize accurately the meaning of qualitative and quantitative information. Tamara Journal of Critical Organization Inquiry, Vol. U.S. General Accounting Office. Applied social research, vol 24. Planning ethically responsible research. You may also be interested in Stafford Beer Viable System Model (VSM). In: Wholey J, Hatry H, Newcomer K, eds. into HTML. Columbia University Press (New Yorkl. Step 2: Describe the program. Summarize the description of the stakeholders and how they were engaged. a consensus concerning an issue or problem by circulating questions and responses to a panel The Joint Committee is unequivocal in that, "the standards are guiding principles, not mechanical rules. Describing program activities (i.e., what the program does to effect change) permits specific steps, strategies, or actions to be arrayed in logical sequence. Sarah D. Wiley, M.P.H. Persons or organizations involved in program operations have a stake in how evaluation activities are conducted because the program might be altered as a result of what is learned. Not all design options are equally well-suited to meeting the information needs of stakeholders. Office of Communication, Kathy Cahill, M.P.H. ; Brian K. Siegmund, M.S.Ed., M.S. Subgroups might hold different perspectives and follow alternative agendas; furthermore, because these stakeholders have a professional role in the program, they might perceive program evaluation as an effort to judge them personally. . Diane Dennis-Flagler Managing complexity in organizations. Weick KE. Sensemaking or sense-making is the process by which people give meaning to their collective experiences. Yet, one persistent criticism levelled at his work has been a neglect of the role of larger social and historical contexts in sensemaking. Similarly, Kerzner (2001, p. 273) reinforces this statement and says that proper communication is Accuracy/16-C Feedback. Analysis of qualitative information Albert James Mills. MMWR SEARCH | Families of logic models can be created to display a program at different levels of detail, from different perspectives, or for different audiences. Prevention plus III: assessing alcohol and other drug prevention programs at the school and community level: a four-step guide to useful program assessment. Practical evaluation of public health programs. Eddy DM. Past experiences, enactment of the Emphasis on design of communication interactions. Andrew File System (AFS) ended service on January 1, 2021. Copenhagen, Denmark. Weick, Karl (+) Sensemaking in Crisis (E26) Disasters and Crisis Management (E64) Weisbord, Marvin (E72) Whetten, D. (E47) Williamson, Oliver E. (E44) Willmott, Hugh (E30) Management Theory & Practice Sumantra Ghoshal; 81-90. Abu-Shaqra, B. Additional process uses for evaluation includes defining indicators to discover what matters to decision makers and making outcomes matter by changing the structural reinforcements connected with outcome attainment (e.g., by paying outcome dividends to programs that save money through their prevention efforts) (96). Chen HT. For each step in the model, qualitative/quantitative indicators could be developed to suit the concept in question, the information available, and the planned data uses. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company, 1997. However, when the stakes of potential decisions or program changes increase (e.g., when deciding what services to offer in a national health promotion program), employing evaluation procedures that are explicit, formal, and justifiable becomes important (10). 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