installation detects another version in the selected folder, a message This model works well in an environment with dedicated phones, but as the trends in Unified Communications continue and voice/video applications start merging with other PC applications, the need to selectively and intelligently trust certain application flows from the untrusted PC is becoming necessary. Exceptions may be present in the documentation due to language that is hardcoded in the user interfaces of the product software, language used based on RFP documentation, or language that is used by a referenced third-party product. In this situation, the router forwards the packet and sends an ICMP redirect message back to the sender of the original packet. More detailed discussions of each subject will be available in the specific campus design chapters. (Raise alert once every X minutes if condition persists. in a format that is readable by current Wireshark, and that includes 802.11 meta data (RSSI, channel, data rate) - See more at: 2022 Cisco and/or its affiliates. Cisco recommends you have a basic understanding of the Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CUCM) administration web page as well as experience with basic phone configurations. An administrator can also separate the implicit deny response at the end of an ACL into granular access control entries to help identify the types of denied traffic. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. This introductory section includes the following high-level sections to present the content coverage provided in this document: This document is intended for network planners, engineers, and managers for enterprise customers who are building or intend to build a large-scale campus network and require an understanding of general design requirements. This is not always the case because some clusters are more focused on high throughput, and latency does not significantly impact the applications. In a properly functioning IP network, a router sends redirect messages only to hosts on its own local subnets. In a larger, more complex campus, the core provides the capacity and scaling capability for the campus as a whole. Today, most web-based applications are built as multi-tier applications. Protection Report: Trend analysis information about default monitoring objects The calculations for the system MTBF are based on the probability that one switch in a non-redundant (serial) network breaks (Figure15), or both switches in a redundant (parallel) design break (Figure16). The requirements outlined in the FIPS140-2 publication Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules (1.4 MB PDF) specify certain characteristics that must be met in the cryptographic modules and components of a platform for the platform to be considered secure. On the Designed by, INVERSORES! The ability to proactively test this new hardware and ensure that it is functioning correctly prior to installation can help avoid any further service interruptions once equipment is installed in the network. The first line of each log file comprises the header. Wireless systems that may have initially been deployed as isolated or special case solutions are now being more tightly integrated into the overall campus architecture in many cases to provide for operational cost savings. In the context of security, configuration archives can also be used to determine what security changes were made, and when these changes occurred. If the CoPP policy is changed from one of the actively policing templates (strict, moderate, or loose) to none, the system will not remove the existing class maps or policy maps. You divide the sum of service downtime minutes by total service minutes and multiply by 1,000,000. The engine ID can be displayed with the show snmp engineID command as shown in this example: Note that if the engine ID is changed, all SNMP user accounts must be reconfigured. A backup of the WLC can be collected via the GUI or the CLI of the WLC in question, with the use of either TFTP or FTP to save the configuration file to the external TFTP/FTP server. The function of the distribution layer is discussed in more detail in the description of the access-distribution block and the associated design sections. This feature allows the system to maintain an archive of snapshot configurations. Figure26 Virtual LAN (Campus Virtualization). IM and Migration towards fewer centralized data repositories increases the need for network availability for all business processes. Because of this capability, it is strongly advised that AAA command accounting be enabled and configured. See the Limiting Access to the Network with Infrastructure ACLs section of this document for more information about the use of iACLs. As discussed throughout this document, another major evolutionary change to the campus architecture is the introduction of additional services, including the following: Application optimization and protection services. By faking its identity, the router accepts responsibility for routing packets to the real destination. duration, frequency, and so on. Disable Alert: You can disable an alert with this category. The security architecture for the campus can be broken down into three basic parts: infrastructure; perimeter and endpoint security; and protection. The overall network MTBF is a function of how likely it is that any one of the three will fail. The recommended server cluster design leverages the following technical aspects or features: Equal cost multi-pathECMP support for IP permits a highly effective load distribution of traffic across multiple uplinks between servers across the access layer. Even within jurisdictions, legal opinions can differ. Some of these groups might exist in the network for long periods of time, such as partners, and others might only require access for the life of a specific projectsuch as contractors. Manager IM and Presence Service. (i.e. Traffic requiring an ARP request: Destinations for which an ARP entry does not exist require processing by the CPU. The following protocols are used by the management plane: Steps must be taken to help ensure the survival of the management and control planes during security incidents. However, it is not the only difference. Refer to the Cisco NX-OS SNMP Command Reference for more information about this feature. The following sections provide brief descriptions of the key features required and design considerations when addressing each of these three resiliency requirements. You can collect trace files that contain search criteria that you specify and save the trace collection criteria for later use, schedule one recurring trace collection and download the trace files to a SFTP or FTP server on your network, or collect a crash dump file. Cisco NX-OS also supports SCP and Secure FTP (SFTP), which allow an encrypted and secure connection for copying device configurations or software images. Secure endpoints for your remote workforce by deploying our client with your MDM vendors. The multi-tier access-distribution model illustrated in Figure6 is the traditional campus access-distribution block design. Each preconfigured object belongs to one of several categories: devices, COMPLEJO DE 4 DEPARTAMENTOS CON POSIBILIDAD DE RENTA ANUAL, HERMOSA PROPIEDAD A LA VENTA EN PLAYAS DE ORO, CON EXCELENTE VISTA, CASA CON AMPLIO PARQUE Y PILETA A 4 CUADRAS DE RUTA 38, COMPLEJO TURISTICO EN Va. CARLOS PAZ. This approach helps ensure that interactive management access, such as SSH access, is possible if an AAA server is unavailable. Manager clusters, number of alerts per severity level for the However, this should be done only if/as requested by a Cisco TAC engineer for a corresponding service request/case. Run the no feature lldp configuration command to disable LLDP globally. Implement a defense-in-depth approach to failure detection and recovery mechanisms. stop this service on a server, you cannot collect or view traces on that The growing threat of bots is just the latest in a long line of endpoint vulnerabilities that can threaten the enterprise business. It is recommended that authentication and encryption be required and enforced for SNMP v3 messages. Exceptions may be present in the documentation due to language that is hardcoded in the user interfaces of the product software, language used based on RFP documentation, or language that is used by a referenced third-party product. To zoom in on a If the primary collector If the CPU of the switch can be attacked and overloadedeither intentionally or unintentionallythe control plane is also vulnerable. Manually configured ACLs can also provide static antispoofing protection against attacks that use known unused and untrusted address space. Click the to display in table format when you create a category. While all wireless media is susceptible to intentional or unintentional DoS events (radio jamming, RF interference) the use of centralized radio management WLAN designs provides solutions to address these challenges1 . After port security has determined a MAC address violation, it can use one of four violation modes: protect, restrict, shutdown, and shutdown VLAN. SNMP provides a wealth of information about the health of network devices. If the AAA server is not available, the CMP will use local authentication, checking against a user database stored locally on the CMP. The CMP is accessed over an IP network using the SSH protocol. Changes in core transport can be made independently of the distribution blocks. One way to provide this notification is to place this information in a banner message that is configured with the Cisco NX-OS banner login command. Note While the virtual switch design does remove the dependency on spanning tree for active topology maintenance, spanning tree should not be turned off. By securing the individual devices, you increase the overall security of the networks that you manage. Protection of the control plane is critical. Authentication: Can be Open (null) or Shared. To maintain a secure network, you must be aware of the Cisco security advisories and responses that have been released. *.pcap, *.pcapng, *.pkt, etc. Examples of functions recommended to be located in a services block include: Unified Communications services (Cisco Unified Communications Manager, gateways, MTP, and the like). However, note that this document focuses on critical areas of network operations and is not comprehensive. After the required connections have been permitted, all other traffic to the infrastructure is explicitly denied. What was the previous working configuration and software versions? WebUse the components of the automation toolchain to efficiently provision, configure, and manage the services that support your apps. If the issue is not reproducible with an open SSID, at what minimum security configuration is the issue seen? Enabling access control requires that some form of policy and group assignment be performed at the edge of the network. A category ASR 5000 Small Cell Gateway, 6300 Series Embedded Services Access Points You can associate only one instance of the performance counter with an alert. If NTP is used, you should be sure to explicitly configure a trusted time source and to use proper authentication. MAC packet classification allows you to control whether a MAC ACL that is on a Layer 2 interface applies to all traffic entering the interface, including IP traffic, or to non-IP traffic only. In addition, ACLs and null routing are often deployed as manual means of spoofing prevention. Stopping the service causes a loss of feature functionality. The use of per VLAN and per port traffic policers is one mechanism that is used to selectively trust traffic in certain port ranges and at certain data rates. compressed output of tracefiles. See Figure32. Cisco Unified Communications Manager IM & Presence Service. Central collects traces for services, applications, and system logs Accurate and reliable time can be very useful for logging purposes, such as for forensic investigations of potential attacks. Unified Communications Flexible Security ArchitectureThe high probability of changing traffic patterns and a continual increase in security threats as new applications and communications patterns develop will require a security architecture that can adapt to these changing conditions. install Unified RTMT on Windows 7 or later, ensure that you perform the required to meet strict QoS policy requirements. Industrial Wireless 3700 Series, ASR 5000 Series custom categories to monitor the performance of the counters within the object. Figure25 Campus QoS Classification, Marking, Queuing and Policing. The redundancy and resiliency built into the design are intended to prevent failures (faults) from impacting the availability of the campus. Simple add and move changes in one area had to be carefully planned or they might affect other parts of the network. While it is true that many campus networks are constructed using three physical tiers of switches, this is not a strict requirement. The following example shows how to approve a controller to join the fabric when strict mode is configured. It is important to consider that in any campus design even those that can physically be built with a collapsed distribution core that the primary purpose of the core is to provide fault isolation and backbone connectivity. "Serviceability While this policer-based approach has proven to work well and is still valid for certain environments, the increasingly complex list of applications that share port numbers and applications that might be hijacking other applications trusted port ranges requires that we consider a more sophisticated approach. How fast must the network converge and restore data flows before someone hangs up on an active conversation due to dead air? See the earlier section on iACLs in this document for more information. However, no communication is possible between any two community VLANs or from a community VLAN to an isolated VLAN. In contrast, TACACS+ encrypts the entire TCP payload, including both the username and password. Enter the port The access control entries that make up this ACL are not comprehensive. When you The first column of all these logs comprises the time zone information and the SNMP Version 3 (SNMPv3) is defined by RFC3410, RFC3411, RFC3412, RFC3413, RFC3414, and RFC3415 and is an interoperable standards-based protocol for network management. Additional information about filtering unused addresses is available at The Bogon Reference. Parameter, "An unidentified program wants to access your computer.". Is the issue experienced with only specific version(s) of client type(s) and/or software (i.e. This example illustrates the theory, structure, and applicability of CoPP. These services are enabled by default. As an example, in a multi-building campus design like that shown in Figure3, having a separate core layer allows for design solutions for cabling or other external constraints to be developed without compromising the design of the individual distribution blocks. monitoring pane contain green dots that represent samples of data over time. Refer to the Recommendations for Creating Strong Passwords section for more information about the selection and generation of strong passwords. Cisco recommendation is to use SSH instead of telnet for security reasons. For Client Device Details and Information, V. Track Additional Details and the Specifics, V. Create a Spreadsheet To Record All Client Issues, XI. When the service starts or restarts, the last 30 minutes of the alert data load into the memory by the system reading from the alert logs on the server or on all servers in the cluster (if applicable). Refer to the document Transit Access Control Lists: Filtering at Your Edge for more information about tACLs. Are not based on personal information, such as the names of family members. button that displays in the Service The preferred AAA methods are RADIUS or TACACS+; these should be configured to support command authorization and full accounting. The server cluster model has grown out of the university and scientific community to emerge across enterprise business verticals including financial, manufacturing, and entertainment. Cisco Secure Cloud Analytics. Aironet 3500 Series, Aironet 3700 Series Access Points There are notable configuration changes associated with the move of the Layer-3 interface down to the access switch. Refer to the TACACS+ Command Accounting section of this document for more information. The Unified Analysis Manager application is installed as an option when you install the RTMT software. Determine the threshold for the alert (for example, an alert activates when calls in progress exceed the threshold of over 100 calls or under 50 calls). The management plane receives and sends traffic to support the operations of the functions listed here. that is installed on your computer lets you monitor more than one server or Most legacy wired networks had never been designed or deployed with network authentication in mind. While measuring the probability of failure of a network and establishing the service-level agreement (SLA) that a specific design is able to achieve is a useful tool, DPM takes a different approach. At a minimum collect two samples of this output, both before and after completion of tests with the use of these AP show commands via the CLI: Once the test is complete, use this command to disable the debugs: This section details the debugs required for the 1800/2800/3800 series APs. Isolated VLANs should be used on untrusted networks and in situations in which there is no trust relationship between nodes, such as on networks that support guests. points to show in the chart. This is a starkly different setting from the data centerwith its high-density blade servers, clusters, and virtual server systems. Configuring the Cisco Integrated Security Features (CISF), port security, DHCP Snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection, and IP Source Guard on all access ports complements the security access control policy that IBNS and NAC deliver. By default, LLDP is not enabled in Cisco NX-OS. Cisco Unified Communications Manager System Relationship Between VLAN Types and Ports in PVLANs. Designing the network to recover from failure events is only one aspect of the overall campus non-stop architecture. The official list of unallocated Internet addresses is maintained by Team Cymru. It is useful to complement distributed tools with traffic spanning capabilities (the ability to send a copy of a packet from one place in the network to another to allow for a physically remote tool to examine the packet). In addition to utilizing NetFlow and DPI for distributed traffic monitoring, inserting IPS devices at key choke points provides an additional level of observation and mitigation capability. configured to have its own polling rate. Learn more about how Cisco is using Inclusive Language. Follow this procedure to run a program as an administrator in Windows XP, Vista, or 7. Every network eventually requires the installation of new hardware, whether to add capacity to the existing network, replace a faulty component, or add functionality to the network. Add theadditional debugs on case by case basis: Collect the output for the WLC show commands via the CLI: Once the test is complete, use this command to stop all current debugs on the WLC: This section details the debugs required for the 1700/2700/3700 series or prior model access points. exist in CSV format. While NetFlow provides for a very scalable mechanism to detect and find anomalous traffic flows, IPS along with NBAR based DPI can provide visibility into the content of individual packets. The need to adapt to change without forklift upgrades. Business 100 Series Access Points enterprise parameters, see the contains ready-to-view, predefined performance counters. In a network with redundant switches, or switches in parallel, the network will only break if both of the redundant switches fail. For detailed design guidance, see each of the appropriate design document that addresses each specific module. The amount of time that a person is willing to listen to dead air before deciding that the call (network) failedcausing the user to hang upis variable, but tends to be in the 3-to-6 second range. Currently most WLAN deployments do not support a full 802.11e implementation and can suffer from QoS degradation under very high traffic loads. Suspend cluster/Node Alerts: This menu category allows you to Cisco 1900 Series Integrated Services Routers build on 25 years of Cisco innovation and product leadership. Ensure to save the entire output to a text file. The successful design and implementation of an enterprise campus network requires an understanding of how each applies to the overall design and how each principle fits in the context of the others. An IP phone identifies (via CDP) the VLAN it needs to use for voice traffic and how to remark the CoS bits on the traffic received from the attached PC. A campus that can restore RTP media streams in less time than it takes to disrupt an active business conversation is as much a design objective in a Unified Communications-enabled enterprise as is meeting a target of five nines of availability. uRPF: uRPF used in conjunction with an ACL may result in the process switching of certain packets. If Unified RTMT issues a critical alert, the corresponding Syslog entry also specifies critical. Having the ability to operate the campus as a non-stop system is dependent on the appropriate capabilities being designed-in from the start. In addition to the queuing that is needed on all switch links throughout the campus, classification, marking, and policing are important QoS functions that are optimally performed within the campus network at the access layer. (i.e. Refer to Configuring Private VLANs Using Cisco NX-OS for more information about configuring PVLANs in Cisco NX-OS Software. The ability to upgrade individual devices without taking them out of service is similarly based on having internal component redundancy (such as with power supplies, and supervisors) complemented with the system software capabilities. Continuing evolution of security threats. WebOur services package provides expertise, insights, learning, and support via our CX Cloud digital platform. double-clicking the counter in the perfmon monitoring pane. WebPaul Sheriff Information Services Manager, City of Geraldton We moved to Beyond Security because they make our jobs much easier. How often to generate alert when alert condition persists, Specify every X minutes. The RTMT menu option File > Cisco Unified Reporting lets you access Cisco Unified Reporting from RTMT. When tests are conducted to reproduce and troubleshoot potential wireless client interoperability issues, it isimperative that debugs and additional logs be collected from the wireless infrastructure in use. A node on a Enabling classification, marking, and policing capabilities at the access or edge of the network establishes a QoS trust boundary. In order to collect the equivalent output as the ipconfig /all command on a Windows PC, you can instead use the common Linux/Unix command of ifconfig to list detailed information for all of the network interfaces on an Apple MacBook. With a local destination (that is, receive adjacency traffic), Class maps are defined to match specific types of traffic, Policy maps are created to apply policing (rate-limiting) policies to class-map-matched traffic, A service policy is used to map the policy map to the control-plane interface. The virtual switch is not limited to the campus distribution. To utilize log partition monitor, verify that the Cisco Log Partitioning Monitoring Tool service, a network service, is running on Cisco Unified Serviceability on the server or on each server in the cluster (if applicable). The CriticalServiceDown alert is generated when the service status equals down. From a technical or network engineering perspective, the concept of a campus has also been understood to mean the high-speed Layer-2 and Layer-3 Ethernet switching portions of the network outside of the data center. The campus design addresses this type of problem through three approaches: Limit the baseline control plane and CPU load on each switch through modular design, as well as to provide control plane isolation between modules in the event any failure does occur. Designing the hierarchy of the network to support consistent data flow behavior also has the effect of improving the network convergence time in the event of a failure. The following global configuration command enforces SNMP message encryption for all users: This command explicitly configures the SNMPv3 user snmpv3user with an MD5 authentication password of authpassword and a AES-128 encryption password of privpassword: Refer to the Configuring SNMP section of the Cisco NX-OS System Management Configuration Guide for more information about configuring SNMPv3. This configuration restricts SNMP read-only access to end host devices that reside in the 192.168.100.0/24 address space, and it restricts SNMP read-write access to only the end host device at 192.168.100.1. The use of some form of AAA for access control should be combined with encrypted communications (such as SSH) for all device configuration and management. For ExcessiveVoiceQualityReports, RouteListExhausted, and MediaListExhausted, up to 30 current event details display in the current monitoring interval if an alert is raised in the current interval. Mesh/partial mesh connectivityServer cluster designs usually require a mesh or partial mesh fabric to permit communication between all nodes in the cluster. Unified RTMT on a client that is running the Microsoft Windows operating The server components consist of 1RU servers, blade servers with integral switches, blade servers with pass-through cabling, clustered servers, and mainframes with OSA adapters. Resiliency is improved because a server can be taken out of service while the same function is still provided by another server belonging to the same application tier. Specify up < - > down, less than #, %, rate greater than #, %, rate. Equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) designs and other fully redundant configurations ensure these hierarchical data flows also provide for fast and deterministic convergence times over non fully meshed designs, as shown in the Best case in Figure5. Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI) mitigates attack vectors that use ARP poisoning on local segments. Location services solve a number of challenges associated with dynamic network environments. ICMP unreachable messages: Packets that result in ICMP unreachable messages due to routing, MTU, or filtering are processed by the CPU. While 802.11 can and does provide for easier roaming and can provide a cost effective method to enhance network access, the implementation of wireless must be integrated into an overall campus architecture in order to provide for a consistent set of services and ease of movement for both highly mobile wireless devices and highly available wired devices. Ensure IP reachability to the syslog server in the admin VDC or VDC 1 (default VDC) in order to capture and monitor platform related syslog events. information. Every campus design will have single points of failure and the overall availability of the network might be dependent on the availability of a single device. counter, perform one of the following actions: To highlight The key principle of the hierarchical design is that each element in the hierarchy has a specific set of functions and services that it offers and a specific role to play in each of the design. The various security telemetry and policy enforcement mechanisms are distributed across all layers of the campus hierarchy. Community strings should be changed at regular intervals and in accordance with network security policies. supplicant, WLAN adapter, wireless driver, etc. iACLs limit external communication to the devices of the network. By using NBAR (deep packet inspection), it is possible to determine that there are undesired applications on the network and either drop that traffic or mark it as scavengerdepending on the type of traffic and the network policy. Refer to Risk Triage for Security Vulnerability Announcements for assistance with this evaluation process. Guide. A switch equipped with hardware Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR) is able to determine whether a specific UDP flow is truly an RTP stream or some other application-based by examining the RTP header contained within the payload of the packet. The corresponding debugs for the 2800/3800 series APs is covered in the next section. To configure an interface as Layer2, use the switchport command. The Collect Files line console 0 - use to modify serial session timeout parameters, line vty 0 4 - use to modify Telnet/SSH session timeout parameters. See the Filtering Transit Traffic with tACLs section of this document for more information. Proxy ARP is defined in RFC 1027. ASR 5000 Session Control Manager list box, click a service and click This configuration example builds on the previous TACACS+ authentication example, including fallback authentication to the password that is configured locally with the enable secret command: Refer to Configuring Authentication for more information about the use of fallback authentication with AAA. Often an attacker uses ARP poisoning to perform a man-in-the-middle attack. One of the most common interfaces used for in-band access to a device is the loopback interface. See the Implementing Antispoofing Protection section of this document for more information. It becomes even harder to find unwanted or unknown applications when those applications have been written to use a variety of port numbers and are able to masquerade as HTTP traffic on TCP port 80 while dynamically searching for access through corporate firewalls. However, IP network functions are available to alter the path of packets across the network. Recent enhancements to this dynamic negotiation processrequiring that a phone negotiate both the correct PoE and CDP parameters before being assigned to the voice VLANare additional enhancements providing a higher degree of trust and security to this dynamic negotiation process. With command accounting enabled, all CLI commands entered, including configuration commands, are logged to the configured AAA server. This example includes the configuration of logging time stamps with millisecond precision: Cisco NX-OS logging will automatically time stamp log entries with the date and time in the locally configured time zone of the device. Figure20 Common Causes of Network Downtime. You can either leverage the embeded capabilities in macOS with the use of the Wireless Diagnostics > Sniffer method or similar as discussed previously, but optionally you can use a third-party utility called Airtool as well (OS X 10.8 and later). The service does not exist in a currently activated status, as indicated in the Critical Services pane and in Service Activation in CiscoUnified Serviceability. Cisco Unity Connection System Administration Multiple copies of Unified Discuss data centers, hardware, bandwidth providers, networks and IP space. If you More information about this feature is available in the Traffic Identification and Traceback section of this document and at http://www.cisco.com/go/netflow (registered Cisco customers only). nodes in the cluster. When the log partition monitoring services starts at system startup, the service checks the current disk space utilization. Keating Muething & Klekamp Hires Five New Associates. The campus network architecture is based on the use of two basic blocks or modules that are connected together via the core of the network: The following sections introduce the underlying campus building blocks. The emerging Human Network, as it has been termed by the media, illustrates a significant shift in the perception of and the requirements and demands on the campus network. (GUI: Commands > Upload File > Configuration), Note: Any client parameters changed from default settings provided by the vendor in question. Figure24 Use of Deep Packet Inspection to Provide an Intelligent QoS Trust Boundary. iACLs use the idea that nearly all network traffic simply traverses the network and is not destined for the network itself. ICMP was designed as a control protocol for IP. Depending on the needs of the organization, this approach can range from a simple, diligent review of log data to an advanced rule-and role-based analysis of multiple factors using correlated data. Resiliency is the third of four foundational campus design principles. In many cases, the principle service requirement from the campus network is the availability of the network. However, it is the flexibility that VLANs offer that has had the largest impact on campus designs. Counter tab and then save your custom category by using Profile. as Administrator. This chapter defines the framework on which the recommended data center architecture is based and introduces the primary data center design models: the multi-tier and server cluster models. Device Status: The ability to predict the location of congestion points becomes more difficult as data flow patterns are able to migrate while dynamic peer-to-peer sessions come and go from the network. The layered approach is the basic foundation of the data center design that seeks to improve scalability, performance, flexibility, resiliency, and maintenance. number of minutes from the Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT). Many enterprises provide network services for departmental networks or business units, hosted vendors, partners, guests. One of the central objectives for any campus design is to ensure that the network recovers intelligently from any failure event. the following actions: Download the Cisco Unified Communications Manager Administration An increasing need to support multiple device types in diverse locations. If so, what are they? To help ensure that a device can be accessed through a local or remote management session, proper controls must be enforced on vty lines. Visibility & Insights Ensure end-to-end visibility into your application portfolio, so you can spot and fix services, nodes, call activities, and PPR. In the current campus QoS design, the access ports of each switch are configured to not trust the QoS markings of any traffic arriving on that portunless it is on the auxiliary or voice VLAN and the switch has detected that there is a phone (trusted device) on that VLAN. A basic feature of resiliency is the ability for the system to remain available for use under both normal and abnormal conditions. Intermittently disconnects from access point. The decision to enable FIPS mode or not is environment specific and requires internal security policy analysis and planning. They all started as simple highly optimized connections between a small number of PCs, printers, and servers. One approach that is being used to address this growing need for more dynamic and flexible network access is the introduction of 802.11 wireless capabilities into the campus. Explore Secure Firewall. WebLike Cisco Jabber, this registration uses the Cisco Unified Client Services Framework (CSF) client for desktop and a BOT, TCT, or TAB device for mobile, and counts as a device toward Unified CM licensing. Please consult the release notes and documentation for specific hardware platforms for details regarding supported features and capabilities. If you want to monitor more counters, you can configure a new category and display the data in table format. multiple IM and Presence Services that are installed on different nodes. The design shown in Figure1-3 uses VLANs to segregate the server farms. Note:AP debugs are preferred to be taken on Telnet/SSH versus Console, as the console is typically too slow to be effective. Remove Alert: This menu category allows you to remove an alert. After you log in to a server, RTMT launches the monitoring module from the local cache or from a remote server when the local cache does not contain a monitoring module that matches the back-end version. If your cluster contains five configured Unified Communications Manager servers, CM-Default displays the registered phones for each server in the cluster, as well as calls in progress and active gateway ports and channels. IP directed broadcasts make it possible to send an IP broadcast packet to a remote IP subnet. Hardening best practices call for enabling of strict mode when securing internode communications. Ensuring the availability of the network services is often dependent on the resiliency of the individual devices. Cisco Unified Communications Manager servers, CiscoTFTP server, or first server. Client authentication protocols are integrated into WLAN standards and incorporated into the existing end station clients. While all vendors extensively test and certify that equipment is working correctly before it is shipped to a customer, many things can happen to a piece of equipment before it is finally installed into the production network. View with Adobe Reader on a variety of devices, View in various apps on iPhone, iPad, Android, Sony Reader, or Windows Phone, View on Kindle device or Kindle app on multiple devices, III. In the event of a component failure, having a redundant component means the overall network can continue to operate. As the network increases in size or complexity and changes begin to affect the core devices, it often points out design reasons for physically separating the core and distribution functions into different physical devices. option in ICMP redirect messages are disabled using the interface configuration command no ip redirects, as shown in the example configuration: Refer to the Cisco NX-OS Command Reference for more information about the ip redirects interface configuration command. The architecture of the specific Cisco NX-OS platform will dictate what can and cannot be processed by hardware and what must be passed to the CPU. In many cases, disabling the reception and transmission of certain types of messages on an interface can reduce the CPU load that is required to process unneeded packets. See the upcoming Virtual Switch Design Guide for final values. The services block is not necessarily a single entity. The first type of traffic is directed to the Cisco NX-OS device and must be handled directly by the Cisco NX-OS device CPU. to exit the application. Unified RTMT uses the following Microsoft Visio, draw.io, etc.) At this time, you also want to collect the current logs from the WLC for additional review as needed. Windows XP, Vista, or 7 client and you want to use the single sign-on feature, The Unified RTMT interface consists of the following components: Menu bar: the menu bar includes some or all of the following options, depending on your configuration: Allows you to save, restore, and delete existing RTMT profiles, monitor Java Heap Memory Usage, go to the Serviceability Report Archive window in Cisco Unified Serviceability, log off, or exit RTMT. Refer to TACACS+ and RADIUS Comparison design technote for a more detailed comparison of these two protocols. To use the Trace and Log Central feature, make sure that RTMT can directly access the node or all of the nodes in a cluster without Network Access Translation (NAT). For This principle promotes end-to-end Differentiated Services/Per-Hop Behaviors. This scenario is shown in the following configuration: Due to this nonintuitive nature of fragment handling, IP fragments are often inadvertently permitted by ACLs. is using too many resources, such as CPU time. Note Microsoft has implemented a number of flow control mechanisms into the Vista IP stack that are intended to provide for improved traffic management capabilities. VACLs, or VLAN maps that apply to all packets that enter the VLAN, provide the capability to enforce access control for intra-VLAN traffic. Network recovery time from the user (or application) perspective is the third critical design metric to consider when designing a campus network. Each edge port can be configured to detect traffic within a specific port range and, for all traffic that is less than a defined normal rate, mark that traffic with the correct DSCP values. Security threats continue to grow in number and complexity. The use of a guiding set of fundamental engineering principles serves to ensure that the campus design provides for the balance of availability, security, flexibility, and manageability required to meet current and future business and technological needs. New log files are created every day at 00:00 hours on the As of NX-OS Release 5.1, SSH also runs in FIPS mode. In addition, Cisco Log Partitioning Monitoring Tool service checks the server every 5 seconds for newly created core dump files. 1 alerts). Load balancing of traffic and recovery from uplink failure now leverage Etherchannel capabilities. You can use the Cisco Unified Reporting application to snapshot cluster data for inspection or troubleshooting. The Cisco Virtual Wireless Controller is a virtual form-factor controller that enables flexible and cost-effective deployment for small, medium-sized, or large service provider deployments.. uRPF enables a device to verify that the source address of a forwarded packet can be reached through the interface that received the packet. IOWait values. Manager. Refer to the platform-specific hardware implementation details for a given device to determine what types of data-plane traffic may affect the system CPU. Gigabit Ethernet is the most popular fabric technology in use today for server cluster implementations, but other technologies show promise, particularly Infiniband. The use of physical redundancy is a critical part of ensuring the availability of the overall network. An administrator can establish an encrypted and secure remote access management connection to a device by using SSH. All rights reserved. It will be essential to integrate these services into the campus smoothlywhile providing for the appropriate degree of operational change management and fault isolation and continuing to maintain a flexible and scalable design. Web and application servers can coexist on a common physical server; the database typically remains separate. Manager Administration, choose This alternative configuration, in which the Layer-2/3 demarcation is moved from the distribution switch to the access switch appears to be a major change to the design, but is actually simply an extension of the best practice multi-tier design. Such a design requires solid initial planning and thoughtful consideration in the areas of port density, access layer uplink bandwidth, true server capacity, and oversubscription, to name just a few. The enable secret command is used in Cisco IOS Software to set a password that grants privileged administrative access to a Cisco IOS Software system. Number of channels available, in-service for each gateway. Is the issue observed only on specific version(s) of wireless LAN controller (WLC) software? Figure1 The Layers of the Campus Hierarchy. For this reason, when securing a network device you should protect the management and control planes in preference over the data plane. Cisco NX-OS does not run any of the typical Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) small servers often found in Cisco IOS Software or other network operating systems by default. After the data sample is configured, view the The third aspect of the hierarchical designhow data traffic flows through the campusis configured in the network, but is a desirable property or goal of the design. Command Line Interface Reference Guide for Cisco Unified Figure5 Traffic Recovery in a Hierarchical Design. The ability to modify portions of the network, add new services, or increase capacity without going through a major fork-lift upgrade are key considerations to the effectiveness campus designs. You can locate Alert Central under the Tools hierarchy tree Failures will still occur however and having the capabilities in place to detect and react to failures as well as provide enough information to conduct a post mortem analysis of problems are necessary aspects of sound operational processes. It serves as the aggregator for all of the other campus blocks and ties together the campus with the rest of the network. As both the data center and the campus environments have evolved, the designs and system requirements have become more specialized and divergent. Figure8 Routed Access Distribution Block Design. alert events. Are not a word in any language, and are not slang, dialect, or jargon. Common examples of these types of connections are external BGP (eBGP), SSH, and SNMP. It is reasonable to assume that most enterprise campus environments will continue to have variations in business application requirements and will need a combination of both wired and wireless access for years to come. Access then can be granted, denied, or limited based on the authentication result. User Group FlexibilityThe ability to virtualize the network forwarding capabilities and services within the campus fabric to support changes in administrative structure of the enterprise. Fragmentation is also often used in attempts to evade detection by intrusion-detection systems. The below example shows the usage of both the GUI and CLI to save a backup of the WLC, with the use of TFTP: Commands > Upload File > Configuration > Uploadas shown in the image. If the The OTA sniffer should also be kept in close proximity to the client device in question at all times during the test(s), to ensure an accurate perspective of the traffic sent and received to/from the client device being tested. This example configuration enables AAA command accounting for all commands entered. The left side of the illustration (A) shows the physical topology, and the right side (B) shows the VLAN allocation across the service modules, firewall, load balancer, and switch. Scalable fabric bandwidthECMP permits additional links to be added between the core and access layer as required, providing a flexible method of adjusting oversubscription and bandwidth per server. Preventing unauthorized access also mitigates the threat of compromise to additional assets in the network. See Table3. ERSPAN is the preferred solution because it allows for the spanned traffic to be carried over multiple Layer-3 hops allowing for the consolidation of traffic analysis tools in fewer locations. For example, you can monitor all of the The calculation of availability is based on a function of the mean time between failures (MTBF) of the components in the network and the mean time to repair (MTTR)or how long it takes to recover from a failure. Similarly, a failure in one part of the campus quite often affected the entire campus network. The result is that network designs must allows for an increasing degree of adaptability or flexibility. Associate counter threshold settings to alert notification. Table4 provides a breakdown of some decision criteria that can be used to evaluate the tradeoffs between wired vs. wireless access. Uruguay Sustainable Bond Framework. See the Logging Best Practices section of this document for more information about how to implement logging on Cisco NX-OS network devices. Each of these various groups may require a specialized set of policies and controlled access to various computing resources and services. can view an alert log file by using any text editor. Cisco NX-OS provides an integrated facility for generating configuration checkpoints. Step 2: Configure UC services. The principle of resiliency extends to the configuration of the control plane protocols (such as EIGRP, Rapid-PVTS+, and UDLD) as well as the mechanisms used to provide switch or device level resiliency. ), This should include a representation and/or details with regards to the wireless devices in the network (i.e. The use of unified location services is another aspect of the integration trend of wired and wireless network services. Vty lines in Cisco NX-OS automatically accept connections using any configured transport protocols. Users are encouraged to test specific ICMP unreachable message behavior in their environments. The use of tACLs is also relevant to the hardening of the data plane. The Catalyst Generic Online Diagnostics (GOLD) framework is designed to provide integrated diagnostic management capabilities to improve the proactive fault detection capabilities of the network. Similarly, any switch configuration must be done only once and is synchronized across the redundant supervisors. This article from the Cisco support forums can serve as a good start point to help guide and educate the customer accordingly: 802.11 wireless sniffing / packet capture. For more information about configuring NTP, including enabling NTP authentication, please refer to the Configuring NTP section of the Cisco NX-OS System Management Configuration Guide. The default value for While VLANs provide some flexibility in dynamically segmenting groups of devices, VLANs do have some limitations. Cisco Unified Communications Manager, Cisco Unified Communications Manager IM and Presence Service, and Cisco Unity Connection directly update Performance counters (called perfmon counters). Unless specifically required, you are advised to avoid logging at level 7. Cisco Tomcat Stats Servlet: The Cisco Tomcat Stats Servlet While the use of the AutoSecure feature can greatly ease the process of protecting all the devices in the network, it is recommended that a network security policy be developed and that a regular audit process be implemented to ensure the compliance of all network devices. Then it is highly recommended to ensure that the wireless adapter used to collect an OTA packet capture is also a 2SS or better adapter, with 802.11n or newer specifications. This document contains operation recommendations that you are advised to implement. Appendix A - Additional Tips andTricks, https://supportforums.cisco.com/document/75331/80211-wireless-sniffing-packet-capture#sthash.Xhlx5LSS.dpuf, WiFi Signal status (Connected/trying to Connect). Another is the movement from a design with subnets contained within a single access switch to the routed-access design. These all can be used to assign a particular user or device to a specific VLAN. In the best practice multi-tier and routed access design, each access switch is configured with unique voice, data, and any other required VLANs. As needed, you can also specify to receive the output for just the native wireless interface for a given MacBook (either en0 or en1,it depends on the model). VLAN-based trunks are used to extend the subnets from the distribution switches down to the access layer. average, and last fields show the values for the counter since the monitoring Although this action does enhance the accountability of network administrators during TACACS+ outages, it can increase the administrative overhead since local user accounts on all network devices must be maintained. The detailed recommendations for how to optimally configure the various control plane protocols are covered in the specific campus design guide, but the following basic principles can be applied in all situations: Wherever possible, leverage the ability of the switch hardware to provide the primary detection and recovery mechanism for network failures (for example, use Multi-Chassis Etherchannel, Equal Cost Multi-Path recovery for failure recovery). The detailed design guidance for the routed access distribution block design can be found in the campus section of the CCO SRND site, http://www.cisco.com/go/srnd. select another item to highlight. 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