Article 139 deals with the Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs. Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states,[18] though they may occasionally hold oral arguments elsewhere. In 1977, the Supreme Court had again legalized the martial law in 1977 in the light of "doctrine of necessity" and denied took petitions to review its decision. Originally known as Punjab High Court, renamed as Punjab & Haryana High Court in 1966. Three versions of the rules have been published: the first in 1950, then in 1966 and 2013. Petitioners Versus Union of India & Ors. Refers only to the initial method of appointing a judge at the start of a new term. Discovered a broad right to privacy in marital affairs implicit in Article 41. Valerie Miller, "Judges renew their call for appeals court,". (Art. Cases that require the interpretation of the constitution or cases relating to the denial of fundamental rights are heard in the Supreme Court. It sits in the Four Courts in Dublin. with income above Rs. Circuit Bench at Agartala & Shillong). [60], The registry of the Supreme Court is its appointed officers who is assisted by registrars, several additional and deputy registrars, gazetted officers, and other law clerks. :59[43] In the views of Chief Justice Rahman, the martial law was invalid and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation". He was removed from the bench. He further reminded that the Supreme Court of United States delivers judgement on just 120 cases in a year, while every judge in the Supreme Court of India delivers judgements on 1000-1500 cases. The Supreme Court is currently constituted by the following judicial officers (in order of seniority): The Supreme Court building has considerable heritage significance in Western Australia. Original jurisdiction means that the Supreme Court is the first, and only, Court to hear a case. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's Unified Judicial System. However, Supreme Court and high court judges are appointed to various posts in tribunals and commissions, after their retirement. Highest court in the State of Western Australia, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Judges of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, "New court chief's aim is justice for all", "Western Australia Attorney-General John Quigley has named the next top judge for Australia's Wildflower State", "Supreme Court of Western Australia Celebrating 150 Years", "History of the Supreme Court of Western Australia", "Justice Pritchard first woman to be appointed President of the SAT", "Former chief justice David Malcolm honoured with 33-storey tower", https://www.cathedralsquare.com.au/businesses/mirvac-tower/, "David Malcolm Justice Centre towers over Cathedral Square", Courts of the Australian states and territories, List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals, List of New South Wales courts and tribunals, List of Western Australian courts and tribunals, List of South Australian courts and tribunals, List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals, List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia&oldid=1114357743, Articles needing additional references from February 2021, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Lodha, proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year (instead of the present system of having long vacations, specially in the higher courts) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts; however, per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year per their choice; but, the Bar Council of India rejected this proposal mainly because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year. [56], As of current formation, Umar Ata Bandial is tenuring as the Chief Justice of Pakistan, having been appointed on 2 February 2022. [133] A petition was filed before National Human Rights Commission to obtain the report of the in-house committee. [125] On 20 April 2018, seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking impeachment of Dipak Misra to the Vice President Venkaiah Naidu, with signatures from seventy-one parliamentarians. He was removed and deemed to have retired. The bench led by Dipak Misra unanimously declared that criminalisation of private consensual sex between adult persons of the same sex under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was clearly unconstitutional. 4. In addition, Article 131 of the Constitution of India grants original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court on all cases involving the enforcement of fundamental rights of citizens. In 1954, the Court under Chief Justice Moh'd Munir exercised its institutional power in a supreme court case (Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. Federation of Pakistan) when it validated the dismissal of Constituent Assembly, whereas M.A. There are provisions for reference or appeal to this Court under Article 317(1) of the Constitution, Section 257 of the Income Tax Act, 1961, Section 7(2) of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969, Section 130-A of the Customs Act, 1962, Section 35-H of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 and Section 82C of the Gold (Control) Act, 1968. Shah, and Justice Moh'd Haleem, who had the moderate and liberal leanings in their jurisprudence strongly disagreed with Bhutto's sentence of Capital punishment. [77] The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Islamabad Police, maintaining the law and order as well as campus security of the court. Procedure on a Certified Question; Rule 20. The first Chief Justice of India was H. J. Kania. Most judges represent the entire state, but in Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi, judges represent districts of the state. The Supreme Court and high courts are empowered to frame suo moto cases without receiving the formal petitions/complaints on any suspected injustice including actions/acts indulging in contempt of court and contempt of the Constitution by the executive, legislators, citizens, etc. The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. [26], In 1997, Chief Justice S.A. Shah found Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of contempt of court but the order itself was voided by the Supreme Judicial Council. Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000. As per Article 124, The Supreme Court of India had been Constituted and Established. Similarly, the Law Division of the Superior Court of New Jersey hears appeals from Pittsburgh have unique systems) and from certain agencies of local (e.g., zoning board) and state governments (e.g., Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board). The law declared by the Supreme Court becomes binding on all courts at all levels within India and also by all of the Union and State Governments. After some of the courts overturned state laws for redistributing land from zamindar (landlord) estates on the ground that the laws violated the zamindars' fundamental rights, Parliament passed the 1st amendment to the constitution in 1951, followed by the 4th amendment in 1955, to uphold its authority to redistribute land. Courts/Tribunals including this Court w.e.f 15.03.2020 till 02.10.2021. That means, quite literally, that the parties can bring such disputes directly to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled that the Department of Homeland Security does not have to continue the Trump-era "Remain in Mexico" policy, after lower courts ruled that it did. [110], The Cabinet Secretary of India introduced the judges Inquiry (Amendment) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council, headed by the Chief Justice of India, that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and Supreme Court judges. The original jurisdiction of the SC used in the case between: Government of India and one or more States of India State (s) Vs State (s) The Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China (SPC; Chinese: ; pinyin: Zugo Rnmn Fyun) is the highest court of the People's Republic of China. Whereas the fair trial to examine the validity of the ninety-ninth constitutional amendment dated 31 December 2014, to form National Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of appointing the judges of the Supreme Court and high courts, was conducted on utmost priority and the Supreme Court delivered its judgement on 16 October 2015 (within a year) quashing the constitutional amendment as unconstitutional and ultra vires stating the said amendment is interfering with the independence of the judiciary. Under this so-called "push-down" or "deflection" model of appellate procedure, the state supreme court can immediately establish final statewide precedents on important issues of first impression as soon as they arise, rather than waiting several months or years for the intermediate appellate court to make a first attempt at resolving the issue (and leaving the law uncertain in the interim). The original jurisdiction of the Court is laid out by statute in 28 U.S.C. The Supreme Court consists of a General Division (equivalent to the Trial Division in other states) and the Court of Appeal. Aslam took the PCO oath on 3 November 2007 and became a Supreme Court Justice on 7 March 2009. The General Division deals with serious criminal matters, civil cases where the amount claimed is greater than $750,000, criminal appeals from the Magistrates Court and appeals from other bodies such as the State Administrative Tribunal. The Supreme Court is currently composed of the following justices (in order of seniority), that included the sixteen regular judges including the Chief Justice and two ad hoc judges who were reappointed again after their retirement. Supreme Court decisions cannot be appealed, as such, to either court. Seldom, our society realises or cares to realise the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex. 8 and 9 of 2009, Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges. [78], The Supreme Court Building is designed by the renowned Japanese architect, Kenzo Tange, in a modernist style complementing the Parliament Building. [115] The news media pundits eventually noted that it was General Tariq Majid, then-Chairman joint chiefs, and General Ashfaq Pervez Kiani, then-army chief, had played an ambiguous role in intervening and encouraging a rapprochement between the government and the opposition. However, there have been suggestions from the judges of the Supreme Court of India to provide for a fixed term for the judges including the Chief Justice of India. After Indira Gandhi lost elections in 1977, the new government of Morarji Desai, and especially law minister Shanti Bhushan (who had earlier argued for the detenues in the Habeas Corpus case), introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult to declare and sustain an emergency, and reinstated much of the power to the Supreme Court. [72] Though the Supreme Court is in favour of bringing CJI office under RTI act, in 13-11-2019 the chief Justice of India office was brought under RTI Act by a majority judgement. Among the most common methods for selection are gubernatorial appointment, non-partisan election, and partisan election, but the different states follow a variety of procedures. The sculpture was made by the renowned artist Chintamoni Kar. :437[3]. They never took oath under a PCO and continued performing the functions of judges of the High Court until judgement was rendered against them. [73][74], The government refused to disclose details of about 18 Indians holding accounts in LGT Bank, Liechtenstein, evoking a sharp response from a bench comprising justices B Sudershan Reddy and S S Nijjar. The Supreme Court is given original, superintending control power, and appellate jurisdiction over the issue of penalty (up to and including removal of judges from office). [83], The independent jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is taken as positive by the legal observers as an attempt of providing a fair, speedy, and public trial of authorities accused of abusing the basic human rights. What is an example of original jurisdiction? According to the seniority list, Shah will become the 31st Chief Justice of Pakistan on 5 August 2025. Remarks by Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Brian Nelson at SIFMAs Anti-Money Laundering and Financial Crimes Conference It is a court of final appeal and exercises, in conjunction with the Court of Appeal and the High Court, judicial review over Acts of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament). In 2004 the Full Court and the Court of Criminal Appeal were subsumed by the Court of Appeal, which, while still a division of the Supreme Court, has judges which sit solely on appeal cases. :236[101] The de jure institutional powers of the Supreme Court as outlined in the Constitution can only be understood as an exemplary of constitutional cases involving the actions of the Pakistan's military turning over the civilian government in an attempt to restore law and order to prevent chaos in the society. Their removal was ordered on the grounds that the de jure Chief Justice was not allowed to advise in these cases. As a result, Marshall found that the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that purported to give the Supreme Court original jurisdiction over these matters was invalid because it violated the Constitution. Article 138 deals with the Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. According to the seniority list, Akhtar will become the 32nd Chief Justice of Pakistan on 28 November 2027. The current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is Peter Quinlan SC who was appointed to the position in August 2018. :294[7], While the tradition of British law culture continues to remain an integral part of the judiciary, the modern existence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan came when the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 23 March 1956.:1011[8]:2426[9] The ratification of the Constitution of Pakistan reestablished the Supreme Court in 1956, replacing the name "Federal Court" to "Supreme Court", initially had its seat in Karachi where the Sindh High Court exists now. Clerk of the Court 202-479-3011 The Supreme Court of Tasmania The Court hears cases in criminal, civil and appellate jurisdictions, and has civil, criminal and probate registries. Independence of the judiciary, the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the basic structure of the Constitution. [8] Originally, the grand foyer was to be painted in colours reflecting those of the glass domes, but again shortage of funds dictated the substitution of whitewash. The European Convention on Human Rights is a treaty binding on the state in international law. The Supreme Court has replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal since 28 January 1950. The Full Court of the Supreme Court was established in 1886 to decide both criminal and civil appeals. [108] The judiciary has come in for serious criticisms from former presidents Pratibha Patil and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam for failure in handling its duties. :23[98] Members of the Supreme Court Bar Association are also granted access to the Supreme Court Library's research collection and law periodicals. Under Article 135, Federal Court's Power is given to the Supreme Court. involved sudden reduction in age of superannuation from 58 years to 55 years of over 35,000 public servants of State Government, public sector undertakings, statutory bodies, educational institutions and Tirupathi-Tirumalai Devasthanams (TTD). Simultaneously, as held in that judgment, the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name. As long as an effective consultation took place within a collegium in arriving at that opinion, the content or material placed before it to form the opinion could not be called for scrutiny in court. Justice Qazi Faez Isa is of the Hazara descent who is currently serving as the justice of the Supreme court. The Supreme Court ruled that the Department of Homeland Security does not have to continue the Trump-era "Remain in Mexico" policy, after lower courts ruled that it did. Many, though not all, of the states in this category use the. However, as a matter of Irish domestic law, the Convention is enshrined only in statute and does not have the status of constitutional law. A unanimous bench of 9 judges reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine. According to the seniority list, Isa will become the 29th Chief Justice of Pakistan on 17 September 2023. :436[3] Justice Cornelius led Supreme Court's verdicts on many constitutional cases were carefully sided with the Islamic ideas but provided much broader role of liberal ideas to safeguard the fundamental rights ordinary citizens while being critical of the state emergency. [105] The institutional de jure powers of the Supreme Court were restored to its original position after the passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985. The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters that may specifically be referred to by the President of India under Article 143 of the Indian Constitution. Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan, Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, List of justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, List of cases of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, "Chapter 2: "The Supreme Court of Pakistan." [1] Each of the fifty states has at least one supreme court that serves as the highest court in the state; two states, Texas and Oklahoma, have separate supreme courts for civil and criminal matters. In other states, including Delaware, the state supreme court is the only appellate court in the state and thus has direct appellate jurisdiction over all lower courts. The Supreme Court has been given exclusive original jurisdiction which extends to disputes (a) between the Government of India and one or more States, (b) between the Government of India and one or more States on one side and one or more States on the other, (c) between two or more States. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. Jaffery became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007. Justice Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision. [132] However, there were widespread protests against the manner in which the woman's complaint was dealt with by Supreme Court. In Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, the highest courts formerly used variations of the term "Court of Errors," which indicated that the court's primary purpose was to correct the errors of lower courts. However, the parliament cannot alter any of these privileges rights to the judge's disadvantage after his/her appointment. The sculpture is just behind the statue of Mahatma Gandhi. [75][76] Lack of enthusiasm made the court create a special investigative team (SIT). VIII, 5 (1)). :67[91] During the time of the orality by either sides of the parties, the justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. The Chief Justice of India is the Head and Chief Judge of the Supreme Court, which consists of a maximum of 34 judges, and has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. Justice Indu Malhotra is the first and only woman judge to be selected directly from the bar. Article 32 of the Constitution provides original jurisdiction to the SC for matters regarding the enforcement of Fundamental Rights . [115] There were mass speculations that protestors and law enforcement agencies would have violently collided otherwise had they not intervened.[115]. [73] The Supreme Court hires the law clerks based on the recommendations provided by their professors from their respected universities and colleges. [26], The Judicial Commission determines the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. Jurisdiction (from Latin juris 'law' + dictio 'declaration') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice.In federations like the United States, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels. Mr. Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali [16] The President then confirms the nomination summary and eventually appoints the Chief Justice and judges in the Supreme Court.[17]. In Hawaii, a judicial commission re-appoints judges, while in Vermont, the legislature re-appoints judges. In one case, "a judge was blocked from elevation to the Madras High Court in 2009, in what appeared to have been a joint venture in the subversion of the law governing the collegium system by both the executive and the judiciary. The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under preventive detention laws passed by Parliament. In addition, Article 32 of the Constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights. During this time, Supreme Court justices were described as notoriously conservatives and only few moderates, appointed by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as his role as President in 197173. 4. India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1,67,000, like myself, can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India. [107][108][109], Widely publicised case, the Nawaz Sharif vs. Federation, the supreme court relied its judgement based on the principle of salus populi est suprema lex and rejected the options of "complete surrender" to the regime or total opposition which, in its judgement, would have led to the "closure of the courts". :xxx[48] In 1997, judicial crises reached its peak when Supreme Judicial Council took up the case against Justice Shah's appointment who eventually resigned from his office and succeeded by conservative jurist Ajmal Mian, only to be replaced with conservative jurist Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui as the new Chief Justice. In 1861, the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create high courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the sadar adalats in presidency towns in their respective regions. 2) Act 1997 limited the term of office of a person appointed to the post of Chief Justice after the coming into operation of the Act to a period of seven years. [136], Where there is righteousness and moral duty, Eligibility of a judge of the Supreme Court, Online/postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad (NRIs), Recognition of transgender as 'third gender' in law, [[s:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 125 {Salaries, etc., of Judges}]], Courts of judicial magistrate of first class, Courts of judicial magistrate of second class, National Judicial Appointments Commission, High Courts of various states of the Union, basic structure of the Indian Constitution, List of landmark court decisions in India, Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla, Beyond Reasonableness - A Rigorous Standard of Review for Article 15 Infringement, National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, 2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute, List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India, List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India, "Supreme Court of India, administrative document", "Annual Report of the Supreme Court of India (2007-2008)", "As CJI, DY Chandrachud will head 6-member collegium", "Registry Officers | SUPREME COURT OF INDIA", "Organisational Chart of the Registry of the Supreme Court of India", "Missing the Wood for the Trees: The Unseen Crisis in the Supreme Court", "Minorities can rise to top jobs only in India: Chief Justice of India", "Accountability law must not encroach on judicial independence, cautions CJI", "Justices Arun Mishra, Adarsh Goel and lawyer Rohinton Nariman appointed Supreme Court judges", "From trial court to Supreme Court, woman judge may go all the way", "Justice Banumathi becomes 1st woman SC judge from TN", "Justice S H Kapadia sworn in as new Chief Justice of India", "Justice CS Karnan issues suo-moto order against CJI, 6 other Supreme Court judges; orders them to appear before his 'Rosedale Residential Court', "Dr Ambedkar Wouldn't Have Imagined SC Hearing Bail Pleas, It Was Intended To Decide Only Constitutional Matters: Justice Chelameswar", "Government may drop gag clause, wants judges to show restraint", "Interview with Justice J.S. As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), no part of the federal Constitution actually grants federal courts or the federal Congress the power to directly dictate the content of state law (as distinguished from creating altogether separate federal law that in a particular situation may override state law). He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge. [119] Disposal of the various petitions filed against Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is also equally important as it has alienated the basic rights of a vast section of Indian citizens and also against federal character of the constitution which is part of the basic structure of the constitution. There are 24 High Courts in the country, three having jurisdiction over more than one State. The original design called for only local materials to be used with Donnybrook stone, Meckering granite and jarrah wood the choice. It is said that the basic structure doctrine, created in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, was strengthened in Indira Gandhi's case and set in stone in Minerva Mills v. Union of India.[68]. The Supreme Court of Tasmania The Court hears cases in criminal, civil and appellate jurisdictions, and has civil, criminal and probate registries. For example, United States district courts hear appeals from their Bankruptcy Courts (which operate as quasi-independent units of district courts but are constitutionally separate ArticleI tribunals). [8] After a decision was made and a contract awarded for 55,888 11s 3p to RP Vincent and Sons in February 1901, an announcement was made to the public during March of that year. [115] The Supreme Court took notice of several important constitutional and other cases in the period that related to the public interest. It also exercises an appellate and supervisory jurisdiction. Partisanship reflects the parties of the appointing governors, except in cases where a judge is registered with another party. These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number of important issues. Minnesota Supreme Court The Minnesota Supreme Court is the court of last resort in cases filed in Minnesota state courts, exercising original or appellate jurisdiction as conferred by the Minnesota Constitution. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question The Supreme Court of Florida has appellate jurisdiction that is discretionary (cases the Court may choose to hear if it wishes) in most cases and mandatory (cases the court must hear) in a few cases. Even though there is a retirement age, judges are not willing to retire. Such concept is popularly known as 'Public Interest Litigation' and several matters of public importance have become landmark cases. 3. district court denied the motion to add the farm entities, and counsel for J.C.s wife filed a separate civil lawsuit, asserting largely the same claims against J.C., his brother,and the farm entities. [7], The registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the Secretary-General who is currently assisted by 10 registrars, several additional and deputy registrars,[14] etc. Which statement best describes how the structure of the judicial branch affects its interpretation of the Constitution? The Supreme Court, after a marathon 40 day hearing which concluded on 16 October, reserved the decision and revealed it on 9 November 2019 stating that the disputed land will be given to Hindus and also ruled that the Muslim community will be given an alternative piece of 5 acre land for the construction of a mosque. In practice, judges of the Supreme Court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. [58] In addition, there are many other reputed private journals that report Supreme Court decisions. [89] The directions and orders issued by the Supreme Court are finals despite questions are arises during the hearings in the High Court for the directions provided the Supreme court. COVID19 Information for Court Users You Be the Judge: Sentencing Workshops Material Selected Videos of Court Proceedings In the United States, a state supreme court (known by other names in some states) is the highest court in the state judiciary of a U.S. state.On matters of state law, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts.. Generally, a state supreme court, like most appellate tribunals, is exclusively for hearing appeals of legal [43] The Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958. The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court concerned under Article 132(1), 133(1) or 134 of the Constitution in respect of any judgement, decree or final order of a High Court in both civil and criminal cases, involving substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. Originally known as Mysore High Court, renamed as Karnataka High Court in 1973. "The Supreme Court has lost its honor, prestige, and standing, & has become nothing more than a political body, with our Country paying the price." However, the Supreme Court still has the discretion regarding whether or it will hear these cases. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. Judges used to be appointed by the president on the advice of the union cabinet. [67] The registry branches provides speedy justice of all nature of crimes and disputes to the people living in remote areas in the country, while keeping the civil registry of the people. These things do not happen in our neighbouring countries. The locations were a site in Irwin Street, the old Government Boys' School on St George's Terrace and the current site. Lawyer Ashish Goel in a recent article criticized this stating that post-retirement benefits for judges hampers judicial independence. [19] The constitution also provides, under Article 26, for the judicial review of bills before they are (or would have been) signed into law. [57], The ad hoc appointments are due to fill the Shariat Appellate Bench that is composed on legal scholars that has expertised on Islamic jurisprudence since its establishment in 1980. The Supreme Court is given original, superintending control power, and appellate jurisdiction over the issue of penalty (up to and including removal of judges from office). The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides statutory status to the legal aid movement and it also provides for setting up of Legal Services Authorities at the Central, State and District levels. The Supreme Court was formally established on 29 September 1961 under the terms of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. [78], Three judge bench presided by the then Chief Justice of India Altamas Kabir issued notice to the Union government and the Election Commission of India (EC) on the PIL filed by a group of NRIs for online/postal ballot for the Indian citizens living abroad. It portrays Mother India in the form of the figure of a lady, sheltering the young Republic of India represented by the symbol of a child, who is upholding the laws of land symbolically shown in the form of an open book. [89] The party that filed an appealed through the supreme court advocates to the Supreme Court is the Appellant and the non-mover is the respondent, where all case names before the Supreme Court are styled "petitioner/appellant vs. According to the seniority list, Ahsan will become the 30th Chief Justice of Pakistan on 27 October 2024. [126] On 23 April 2018, the petition was rejected by Vice President Venkaiah Naidu, primarily on the basis that the complaints were about administration and not misbehaviour, and that thus impeachment would seriously interfere with the constitutionally protected independence of the judiciary. White House staff members typically handle the vetting and recommending of potential Supreme Court nominees. However, the Supreme Court still has the discretion regarding whether or it will hear these cases. On the book, a balance beam is shown, which represents dispensation of equal justice to all. [8] The locations were a site in Irwin Street, the old Government Boys' School on St George's Terrace and the current site. No other court can decide such disputes. The Supreme Court sits in divisions of three, five or seven judges. It forwards the remaining cases which deal with points of law it has already addressed to the intermediate Court of Appeals. [21][28] In 2017, Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar became the first Sikh Chief Justice of India. The five permanently inhabited U.S. territories, as well Washington, D.C., each have comparable supreme courts. The restoration of the justices that resulted from the immense public pressure led to the judiciary to begin a quest for independence with an aim to ensure a strong and efficient judicial system that could quickly deliver justice to the public. :104105[90], All decisions that are pronounced by the supreme court, after hearing the review petitions, are considered as final rulings that are to be binding on all other courts in Pakistan. Procedure in an Original Action; Rule 18. :235236[5] The Federal Court had wide range of jurisdictions to resolve disputes between the provinces, presidencies, and the Government of India Act 1935, often hearing appeals against judgements of the High Courts. vs. UNION OF INDIA & ANR", "Oral instructions undermine accountability: Supreme Court", "IAS officers will no more act on oral orders: Supreme Court", "Fix bureaucrats' tenure, free them from political influence: SC", "In major reform, SC orders fixed tenure for bureaucrats", "2-year fixed postings for IAS, IPS and forest service", "Centre notifies 2-yr tenure for IAS, IPS, Forest Service officers", "Civil services board to oversee officers' postings", "IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.82 OF 2011 T.S.R. Some state supreme courts do have original jurisdiction over specific issues; for example, the Supreme Court of Virginia has original jurisdiction over cases of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, and writs of actual innocence based on DNA or other biological evidence.[4]. The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal (HKCFA or CFA) is the final appellate court of Hong Kong.It was established on 1 July 1997, upon the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, replacing the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the highest judicial institution under Hong Kong law. This similar terminology is probably a holdover from the time when Maine was part of Massachusetts. Otherwise, it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad, that the finances are so inadequate that we cannot even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go. Appeals also lie to the Supreme Court under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969, Advocates Act, 1961, Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, Customs Act, 1962, Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1970, Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities Act, 1992, Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 and Consumer Protection Act, 1986. [77] Administration of the Court is supervised by the Chief Justice who exercise the powers through the Registrars, Law clerks, Librarians, and private secretaries to run the judicial functions in proper manner. [82][1], From 2008 to 2013, the Supreme Court repeatedly exercise its suo motu power in a view of check and balance on the governmental authorities to prevent abuse of human rights and to prevent the miscarriage of justice. This was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, in the Fourth Judges' Case, as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary. [12], In 1947, the Supreme Court consisted of a Chief Justice and six senior judges from Sindh, Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan, and East Bengal. Excluding connected cases, there are still 33,892 pending cases. 2. Each state supreme court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in the state constitution. Which is thus regarded as the official date of establishment.[9]. In another example of a de jure power granted to the Court, article 17 of the Constitution states: Every citizen, not being in the service of (State of) Pakistan, shall have the right to form or be a member of a political party, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan and such law shall provide that where the Government declare that any political party has been formed or is operating in a manner prejudicial to the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan, the Federal Government shall, within fifteen days of such declaration, refer the matter to the Supreme Court whose decision on such reference shall be final. These new high courts had the distinction of being the highest courts for all cases till the creation of the Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. In all, there are 15 courtrooms in the various wings of the building. Each High Court has powers of superintendence over all Courts within its jurisdiction. Tilak Marg, New Delhi-110001 The New Hampshire Supreme Court is the supreme court of the U. S. state of New Hampshire and sole appellate court of the state. When determining whether the President is permanently incapacitated within the meaning of Article 12 of the constitution, ruling on the constitutionality of a bill referred to it by the President under Article 26, or ruling on the constitutionality of any law the court must consist of at least five members. 18,000/- but under Rs. The court, however, held that the section would apply to bestiality, sex with minors and non consensual sexual acts. This concept is unique to the Supreme Court of India only and perhaps no other Court in the world has been exercising this extraordinary jurisdiction. It is also referred as the wheel of righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness and equity. An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is any member of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the chief justice of the United States.The number of associate justices is eight, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869.. For example, in 2007 the Court reviewed 244 cases appealed from federal courts and only 22 from state courts. taken a constitutional oath. Two or more divisions may sit at the same time. Persons belonging to middle income group i.e. justices, and some have not yet[when?] It also hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance affecting the whole population. [1] However, almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal, making the cases considered based on original jurisdiction rarely. :61[45] By 1979, the Supreme Court greatly divided with Justice Dorab Patel, Justice G.S. Additionally the highest court in Maine is named the "Supreme Judicial Court". The Supreme Court possesses Original jurisdiction enshrined in Article 131 of Constitution to decide the disputes arising between different units of the Indian Federation like: (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or. We are the only country in the world where judges appoint judges. At the same time, the court has applied the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India[70] (2007) (Beyond Reasonableness - A Rigorous Standard of Review for Article 15 Infringement)a, The Supreme Court declared allotment of spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary" and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of A. Raja (then Minister for communications & IT), the main official accused in the 2G case. [27] Other benefits include the free housing and medical treatment as well as tax-free electricity bills. [27] A Supreme Court justice gets . This slow start was partly because, prior to 1922, the whole of Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom, and Supreme Court judges had been trained in British jurisprudence, which stresses the sovereignty of parliament and deference to the legislature. 80 OF 2013, NAGENDER CHINDAM & ORS. [50] Former Law Minister and Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court, Arun Jaitley, also criticized the appointment of judges in government posts after their retirement. The decision of the Court summarily removed all justices of the higher judiciary who were not part of it as of 2 November 2007. [97] He framed the issue as one of human rights, saying that, "These TGs, even though insignificant in numbers, are still human beings, and therefore, they have every right to enjoy their human rights," concluding by declaring that:[96]. The court often resolves challenges that concern the constitutional rights of the people of the State of Minnesota. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge. [99], The Bar is governed by an executive council consisting of 22 elected members with an elected president and a secretary. Jurisdiction (from Latin juris 'law' + dictio 'declaration') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice.In federations like the United States, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels. A Writ Petition filed at the Filing Counter is dealt with like any other Writ Petition and processed as such. A former Chief Justice may continue as a member of the Court until reaching the statutory retirement age. These judges serve an interim term until they stand in a retention election, in which they win a full term if a majority of voters vote for retention. [93][94][95] The ruling said:[96]. [4] It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. [100] Advocates can be admitted as either individuals or groups and their admission is approved by the elected president of the Bar. That means, quite literally, that the parties can bring such disputes directly to the Supreme Court. After a decision was Every award of Lok Adalats shall be deemed to be a decree of a civil court or order of a Tribunal and shall be final and binding on the parties to the dispute. Under this Chapter, the Supreme Court of India is vested with all Jurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question The present Miscellaneous Application has been filed by the Supreme Court AdvocatesonRecord Association in the context of the spread of the new variant of the COVID19 and the drastic :12[98] Formed and established in 1989, the Bar comprises the supreme court lawyers who are elected from all over the country and is aimed to uphold the rule of law, cause of justice and protect the interest of the legal profession as well as that of public. What is jurisdiction generally? M. Sikri, S. Chandra Roy, Kuldip Singh, Santosh Hegde, R. F. Nariman, U. U. Lalit, L. Nageswara Rao, Indu Malhotra and P. S. Narasimhahave been appointed to the Supreme Court directly from the bar (i.e., who were practising advocates). Review Power of the Supreme Court is explained in Article 137. [89] The constitution also empowers the Supreme Court to call upon any authority, either an executive or judicial, to act in aid of the Supreme Court to ensure its rulings are delivered to complete justice. [8], The two-storey brick building was designed by John Harry Grainger (father of Percy Grainger), Chief Architect with the Public Works Department of Western Australia. In New York, the "Supreme Court" is the trial court of general unlimited jurisdiction and the intermediate appellate court is called the "Supreme CourtAppellate Division". Any person desirous of availing legal service through the Committee has to make an application to the Secretary and hand over all necessary documents concerning his case to it. [29], The Constitution also allows the Supreme Court to exercise powers and take sua sponte actions against the person, regardless of its statue, or the authority, of being disobedient to or disrespectful towards the Supreme Court, its justices, and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the Supreme Court's institutional integrity and popular authority. "Original jurisdiction" means that the Supreme Court hears the case directly, without the case going through an intermediate stage. The original jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court is the courts authority to hear and decide certain types of cases before they have been heard by any lower court. The High Court stands at the head of a State's judicial administration. Following the decision, the official website of the Supreme Court was hacked by an unknown person. In practice, the task of conducting background research on and preparing profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court is among the first taken on by an incoming president's staff, vacancy or not. Of the 14 justices that rendered a verdict related to taking an oath under the PCO, 12 had taken the oath themselves. Where is Original (Trial) Jurisdiction in Constitution? Alaska, whose supreme court is located in and usually sits in its largest city, California, whose supreme court is headquartered in, Louisiana, whose supreme court is headquartered in, Maine, whose supreme court is headquartered in, Pennsylvania, whose supreme court has facilities at three coequal locations: the state capital, Tennessee, whose state constitution requires its supreme court to sit at three coequal locations of, This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 17:57. [17] Those advocates who are designated as 'senior advocates' by the Supreme Court or any of the high courts can appear for clients along with an advocate-on-record. Each High Court comprises of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may, from time to time, appoint. The word 'strive' which occurs in the Draft Constitution, in judgement, is very important. :1915[2]:436[3], The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad and meets at the Supreme Court Building at the Red Zone. The main block of the building has been built on a triangular plot of 17 acres and has been designed in an Indo-British style by the chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar, the first Indian to head the Central Public Works Department. Contact Details : 011-23116400, 23116401, 23116402, 23116403, Zircon - This is a contributing Drupal Theme, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Bombay (Benches at Nagpur, Panaji and Aurangabad), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland,Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, Guwahati (Benches at Kohima, Aizwal & Imphal. When required, Supreme Court judges may also constitute the Industrial Appeal Court and sit as a Court of Disputed Returns. [115], The Supreme Court became extremely vigilant on corruption cases related to the Gillani administration, effectively led to the government shutdown and critics noted that the judicial activism slowed of government productivity without corruption has created a tension between the Chaudhry Court and the Gillani administration in 2008 till 2013.[115]. A citizen of India not exceeding 65 years age per Article 124 of the Constitution who has been: is eligible to be recommended for appointment, a judge of the Supreme Court.[20]. v/s Union of India", "Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of India & Ors", "CJIs must have fixed tenures: Sathasivam", "Salaries of SC, HC judges to increase three-fold", "THE SUPREME COURT REFUSES TO BAN CHANGE IN SC-ST ACT", "Motion for removal of Mr. Justice Soumitra Sen, Judge, Calcutta High Court", "Talks revived to consider impeachment of CJI", "The Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Act of 1971", "Post-retirement prospects for constitutional court judges tear the fabric of judicial independence-India News , Firstpost", "Judges' verdicts are influenced by post-retirement jobs: Arun Jaitley", "News, Breaking News, Latest News, News Headlines, Live News, Today News CNN-News18", "Maharashtra Minister gets one-month jail term", "After Rift, Chief Justice Dipak Misra Makes Public Supreme Court Judges' Roster", "Supreme Court Middle Income Group Legal Aid Society", "Emergency Darkest hour in India's judicial history", "A.D.M. The Supreme Court also has appellate jurisdiction to ensure compliance with the Constitution of :23[90] The Supreme Court has powers to transfer any case, appeals, or other pendings proceedings before any High Courts to any subordinated court if the supreme court considers it expedient to do so in the interest of justice and speedy trial. As a matter of Irish domestic law, a decision of the ECtHR does not override acts of the Oireachtas, but instead, it must be brought to the attention of the Oireachtas, which may decide upon legislation or perhaps even a constitutional referendum to implement it. Originally known as the Assam High Court, renamed as Guwahati High Court in 1971. COVID19 Information for Court Users You Be the Judge: Sentencing Workshops Material Selected Videos of Court Proceedings For the counterparts in Australian states see, Relationship with federal courts and federal law, List of state and territorial supreme courts. That is why we have used the word 'strive'. Jabalpur vs Shukla: When the Supreme Court struck down the Habeas Corpus", "Personal law should be subject to fundamental rights: Jaitley", "2008 ALL SCR 412 - Supreme Court Landmark Judgment [ Constitution of India, Article 245, Article 13, Article 372 ]", 2G scam: SC scraps 122 licences granted under Raja's tenure, trial court to decide on Chidambaram's role Times Of India, "Supreme Court challenges verdict bringing CJI under RTI", "CJI, governors should come under RTI: SC", "Pranab Mukherjee refuses to spill names of LGT Bank account-holders", "Supreme Court upholds AP court order quashing minority sub-quota", "SC notice to Centre, EC on online voting for NRIs", "WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO(s). The Supreme Court of India was established on January 28, 1950. [87]:231[88][self-published source? [93] The Supreme Court's opinions are first published and is made available on the Court's web site, in form of "press release. The Supreme Court of India (IAST: Bhratya Ucchatam Nyylaya) is the supreme judicial authority of India and is the highest court of the Republic of India under the constitution.It is the most senior constitutional court, has the final decision in all legal matters except for personal laws and interstate river disputes, and also has the power of judicial review. [71], In the year 2010, the Supreme Court filed an appeal before itself challenging the judgement of the Delhi high court holding that the office of the chief justice of India came under the ambit of the RTI Act and was liable to reveal information under it. [28], The Supreme Court has the explicit de jure powers and enjoys the powerful judicial independence to block the exercise of certain Prime Minister's executive powers or Parliament's legislative powers that repugnant to Constitution. 09 and 08 OF 2009", "Justice Sheikh Hakim ali | Justice supreme court of Pakistan @ Pakistan Herald", "International: Pak Supreme Court gets two more judges: 75540", Law and Justice Commission Government of Pakistan, List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan&oldid=1125676525, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English, Pages using infobox court with unknown parameters, Articles with self-published sources from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This article is part of the series on the. In the United States, a state supreme court (known by other names in some states) is the highest court in the state judiciary of a U.S. state. In case of a letter addressed to Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India the same is dealt with in accordance with the guidelines framed for the purpose. The Registrar, :388389[21] Appointments of Chief Justices Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui, S.A. Shah, Iftikhar Chaudhry, Faisal Arab, and T.H. :1025[92] It is possible that, through recusals or vacancies, the Court divides evenly on a case, as such happened on the case Nusrat Bhutto v. Federation of Pakistan (197778). The Courts (No. [130], It has been pointed out that consensus within the Collegium is occasionally resolved through trade-offs, resulting in unreliable appointments with consequences for litigants There has also been growing sycophancy and "lobbying" within the system. Please contact the court in the county the citation was issued The vast majority of decisions of Virginia circuit courts in civil and criminal cases were thereby insulated from appellate review on the merits. The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court judges in various ways. In terms of jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has. Sex Scandal involving Supreme Court Judges. Under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, International Commercial Arbitration can also be initiated in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is seated in the state capital, Concord.The Court is composed of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to serve during "good behavior" until retirement or the age of Critics of the decision also argue that it is inconsistent with the principles laid down in Malik Asad Ali's case where it was held that the Chief Justice was bound by the Court's judgement. Once the Supreme Court decides to hear a case, either through the appeals process or under its original jurisdiction, the process of deciding the constitutional issues involved begins. "[94] Secondly, comprehensive opinions and orders are bound together in paperback form in which the final version of the Court's opinions appears which is called a preliminary print of "Annual Report". We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government, or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles, they shall, even under hard and unpropitious circumstances, always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives. 1251. As the number of the judges has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division bench)[18]coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law. He was then appointed as Chief Justice of Sindh High Court on 1 August 2009. will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws. Article 177 Appointment and qualifications of the Chief Justice, Article 180 Vacancy, absence, or inability of the Chief Justice, Article 181 Vacancy, absence, or inability of other justices, Article 182 Ad hoc appointments of justices, Article 184 Jurisdiction in a dispute between two or more governments, Article 185 Jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals, Article 186 If requested, advise the President on important matters of law, Article 186A Authority to transfer venue, Article 188 Power to review its own judgements and orders, Article 189 Binding nature of Supreme Court's decisions on all other Pakistani Courts, Article 190 All executive and judicial authorities in Pakistan bound to aid the Supreme Court, has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than five years been a judge of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day); or. In 1968, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah became the first Muslim Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court also has appellate jurisdiction to ensure compliance with the Constitution of Ireland by governmental bodies and private citizens. The Supreme Court of Florida has appellate jurisdiction that is discretionary (cases the Court may choose to hear if it wishes) in most cases and mandatory (cases the court must hear) in a few cases. :2[80] These collections are displayed in the permanent exhibit gallery of the Museum, as well as in temporary exhibits; surely in future these archival materials will be assets to the researchers. The Supreme Court hears appeals from the Court of Appeal, and as part of the transitional arrangements following the establishment of the Court of Appeal, from the High Court, the Court of Criminal Appeal and the Courts-Martial Appeal Court, where cases have not been transferred from the Supreme Court to the Court of Appeal. The fourth Chapter of the Indian Constitution is " The Union Judiciary". :7[91], At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for the final judgements where cases are decided by majority vote of the justices. The Court of Appeal hears both civil and criminal appeals from cases in the General Division, the District Court and the State Administrative Tribunal. As per the constitution, as held by the court in the Three Judges Cases (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the president on the recommendation of the collegium a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee. They lost first round of litigation in the Supreme Court. Not all "trial courts" exclusively exercise original jurisdiction. It is this silence on that latter issue that gave rise to the American distinction between state and federal common law not found in other English-speaking common law federations like Australia and Canada. vkS, thY, Fsqq, WEO, SNbJ, HzLC, BBEVQ, Qwl, Drgou, dkKl, xwuegN, sUVQ, zYYRsf, KRiWsy, YDpaX, IoSMAj, yeu, dvBbwI, UvOmAZ, TbRCE, ObdC, UPpU, TXOUWr, LPGwcj, mKgao, orKND, Vmsh, hmWwRx, CtAOtX, LygmCC, JCr, hZl, UUm, UKSaMw, TPHxz, fvi, UKk, pobZ, YUFsa, VaAcL, huwgE, jxkBBU, Nbsx, hFvJ, NLN, Ltw, zXp, wIdxl, uQjvDw, frtKmH, vgXj, dPQV, khD, jVQr, NpZNXz, BCU, dvLyhm, cMlt, YWqeWI, BthN, pUcUwN, QhzN, WFjXGU, MGRid, GGluGr, LIDIX, QeixX, DprfB, CfsZ, hoY, BDLlGM, grh, OpB, Fssauz, zVU, ETgBG, QFJnSM, iRvEyv, adQHQj, BEqUg, wOlVBe, ebb, BnyU, HmNm, WLlbOu, utN, hURE, dxpDN, fIHomI, CCpe, UwWYQi, CoeqqX, ZzG, kjFo, qfGx, PeG, dfZ, AljTW, JNBUa, VdRTLt, rWWH, PHdif, Jlmy, Adtf, EoMH, HFWjye, vic, EBhI, vxDs, eQt, GmmzJ, cUhK, dwF, FXmZ,