The genre came to spectacular maturity in the mid-1670s with an extravaganza of aristocratic comedies. [4], Upon joining the Harbingers, members also take up a new name as well as a title (also referred to as an alias or codename).[5]. The scene would switch from being inside some house or castle to, generally speaking, the streets of the town with storefronts as the backdrop. [27] Nine of Seneca's tragedies survive, all of which are fabula crepidata (tragedies adapted from Greek originals); his Phaedra, for example, was based on Euripides' Hippolytus. Il Dottore (pronounced [il dottore], 'the Doctor'), commonly known in Italian as Dottor Balan or simply Balanzone ([balantsone]; Bolognese Emilian: Dutur Balanzn) is a commedia dell'arte stock character, in one scenario being an obstacle to young lovers. He has been associated with many groups like 'Natwa' and others. Japanese N drama is a serious dramatic form that combines drama, music, and dance into a complete aesthetic performance experience. 1999. A person known locally for ignorance or stupidity; this character often turns out to be brave and sweet, and is sometimes underestimated (see. Brandon (1997, 70) and Richmond (1998, 516). Print. A charismatic and attractive middle-aged man who is dating and having sex with younger women. They are often interested in doing well in school (academically and in terms of behavior). His characters use colorful street slang. In stage, film and television, they may be indirectly present through hearing their voice offscreen (such as. [1] The following list labels some of these stereotypes and provides examples. The fairy creates the characters of the harlequinade in the most typical fashion of simply telling the characters what they will change into. [3] An important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the harlequinade. This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 22:14. [89] Since 2004, People's Light and Theatre Company, in Malvern, Pennsylvania, has been presenting an annual Christmas pantomime season. Brandon (1997, 72), Richmond (1998, 516), and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12). Type [67] This treatise on grammar from 140 BC provides a feasible date for the beginnings of theatre in India. Lastly, all of his reactions are completely emotional. Originally a foil for Harlequin's slyness and adroit nature, Clown was a buffoon or bumpkin fool who resembled less a jester than a comical idiot. For other uses, see, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbina&oldid=1120576732, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 18:55. Judith Chaffee's Commedia Website is a good resource to learn about Italy's early form of professional theatre. His other plays are Sahir. Now it is produced by English and English-speaking international volunteers as part of the Advent celebrations supported by the Com de La Massana,[59] the local businesses[60] the Club International d'Andorra[61] and Vallnord ski station[62] to raise money, most recently, for the less privileged children of Andorra. Critics of how Romani people have been portrayed in popular culture point out similarities to portrayals of Jewish people, with both groups stereotyped negatively as wandering, spreading disease, abducting children, and violating and murdering others. "Harlequin and ________", or "Harlequin _______; or, the ________". The characters soon circle the bench, followed by the ghost, as the audience cries "It's behind you!" The presence of slapstick in this part of the show evolved from the characters found in Italian commedia dell'arte. The Irish stereotype was developed during the, Italian stereotypes depict men with "over-the-top gaudy couture", an "insatiable, A pejorative stereotype of young women at Jewish "summer camps, Hebrew schools, [and] the suburbs of New Jersey" with a focus on grooming (flat-ironed hair), trendiness, "upmarket loungewear", luxury brands (. [44] In terms of the traditional theoretical discourse of genre, Ibsen's work has been described as the culmination of "liberal tragedy", while Brecht's has been aligned with an historicised comedy.[45]. Maulana Azad is his most important play both for its content and style. A person with extraordinary genius in a narrow area who has a social or developmental disability, often consistent with being somewhere on the. Sayeed Alam is known for his wit and humour and more particularly for plays like 'Ghalib in New Delhi', 'Big B' and many other works, which are regularly staged for large audiences. The Eleven Fatui Harbingers excluding Scaramouche gathering around La Signora's coffin in the Teyvat Chapter Interlude Teaser. As they live next door to them, this creates a pretext for frequent unwanted interactions. Only a small fraction of the work of five dramatists, however, has survived to this day: we have a small number of complete texts by the tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, and the comic writers Aristophanes and, from the late 4th century, Menander. The first Zanni is also known to be the go-between. Noteworthy is the major influence of the German 19th-century composer Richard Wagner on the opera tradition. An "establishment showbiz" version of punks, which were dubbed "Quincy punks" after a 1982 episode of the TV series Quincy, M.E., about a crime-solving medical examiner. 'comedy of the profession') was an early form of professional theatre, originating in Italy, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. A loving, passionate character that often finds "love at first sight". [65] Since 1996, Ross Petty Productions has staged pantomimes at Toronto's Elgin Theatre each Christmas season. [63] Modern Indian theatre developed during the period of colonial rule under the British Empire, from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th. Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J.N,Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi, Jameel Shaidayi, etc. Commedia DellArte was a form of improvisational theatre which relied heavily on stock characters and pre-established scenarios. They would transition into the new characters as the scenery around them changed and would proceed in the "zany fun" section of the performance. [50] Outside Britain the word "pantomime" is usually used to mean miming, rather than the theatrical form discussed here. In Easterling (1997c, 3653). #lazzi #commedia #c Spaced out, marijuana-loving Californian surfer who wisecracks their way through life and uses youthful slang. They delight in tormenting the protagonist and they may use, Byronic heroes are dark, gloomy, and brooding. "[31] The majority of these early pantomimes were re-tellings of a story from ancient Greek or Roman literature, with a break between the two acts during which the harlequinade's zany comic business was performed. May also refer to the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio. [60] The Bhakti movement was influential in performances in several regions. In English and other language versions, their aliases are the original Italian terms, with the current exceptions of Childe and Pulcinella. Certain familiar scenes tend to recur, regardless of plot relevance, and highly unlikely resolution of the plot is common. A bandit depicted in a romanticized way, often charismatic and appealing, despite their lawless conduct. [15] Pantomime differed from mime by its more artistic nature and relative lack of farce and coarse humour,[9] though these were not absent from some productions. Her appearance ranges from homely to average. King Jamie there, the bonnie Scottish loon, The thing they fear, often a ghost, appears behind them, but at first the characters ignore the audience's warnings of danger. A stock character is a dramatic or literary character representing a generic type in a conventional, simplified manner and recurring in many fictional works. These stories follow in the tradition of fables and folk tales. For more information on the ancient Roman dramatists, see, Brockett and Hildy (2003, 76, 78). "[35] Grimaldi's performances were important in expanding the importance of the harlequinade until it dominated the pantomime entertainment. tienne Decroux, a pupil of his, was highly influenced by this and started exploring and developing the possibilities of mime and refined corporeal mime into a highly sculptural form, taking it outside of the realms of naturalism. [citation needed], Roman pantomime was immensely popular from the end of the first century BC until the end of the sixth century AD,[15] a form of entertainment that spread throughout the empire where, because of its wordless nature, it did more than any other art to foster knowledge of the myths and Roman legends that formed its subject-matter tales such as those of the love of Venus and Mars and of Dido and Aeneas while in Italy its chief exponents were celebrities, often the protegs of influential citizens, whose followers wore badges proclaiming their allegiance and engaged in street-fights with rival groups, while its accompanying songs became widely known. A minor character who appears in several scenes, but mostly in the background roles. In 1980s TV shows, screenwriters introduced the "African-American workplace pal" stock character as a way to add a Black character in a secondary role. Armed with a magic sword or bat (actually a slapstick), Rich's Harlequin treated his weapon as a wand, striking the scenery to sustain the illusion of changing the setting from one locale to another. [13] He must be acrobatic, able to walk on his hands and on stilts, dance, skip and somersault. Urdu Drama evolved from the prevailing dramatic traditions of North India shaping Rahas or Raas as practiced by exponents like Nawab Wajid Ali Shah (1822 1887) of Awadh. Modern pantomime includes songs, gags, slapstick comedy and dancing, employs gender-crossing actors, and combines topical humour with a story loosely based on a well-known fairy tale, fable or folk tale. These dramatic and posh characters were present within commedia plays for the sole purpose of being in love with one another, and [46] Scottish comedian Craig Ferguson, in his 2020 memoir, summarizes contemporary pantomime as classic folklore and fairy tales loosely retold in a slapstick theatrical comedy-musical ("Think Mamma Mia! Commedia dell'arte is an influential form of comic theater typified by stock characters in improvised performances centered on scenarios like romantic interests, greed, and ambition. [22] Five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. "[12], In an elaborate scene initiated by Harlequin's "slapstick", a Fairy Queen or Fairy Godmother transformed the pantomime characters into the characters of the harlequinade, who then performed the harlequinade. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. An average young woman, reasonably attractive, with a wholesome demeanor. Pantaloon's costume usually included red tight-fitting vest and breeches, slippers, a skullcap, an oversized hooked nose, and a grubby grey goatee. [65] The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre. The first Zanni is known to be clever and witty, and is known as il furbo (It. In the second case, harlequin was used as an adjective, followed by words that described the pantomime "opening", for example: Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren; or, Fortunatus and the Water of Life, the Three Bears, the Three Gifts, the Three Wishes, and the Little Man who Woo'd the Little Maid. [19] The plot of the harlequinade was relatively simple; the star-crossed lovers, Harlequin and Columbine, run away from Columbine's foolish father, Pantaloon, who is being slowed down in his pursuit of them by his servant, Clown, and by a bumbling policeman. Interconnected causes for this shift in taste were, Williams (1993, 2526) and Moi (2006, 17). 70. They range from lawyers who work within the law, by, An elected official who is embroiled in corruption and scandals such as taking bribes, using secret slush funds, embezzling money, or engaging in affairs with staff (or other, A character who begins as calm and collected but increasingly becomes more angry and exasperated as the childish antics of those around them escalate. [25], Plautus, the more popular of the two, wrote between 205 and 184 BC and twenty of his comedies survive, of which his farces are best known; he was admired for the wit of his dialogue and his use of a variety of poetic meters. "Commedia by Fava: The Commedia Dell' Arte, Step by Step - Part 1", "Description of Commedia dell'Arte characters", Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zanni&oldid=1103928934, Fictional characters introduced in the 14th century, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 August 2022, at 15:24. His everlasting high spirits and cleverness work to save him from difficult situations into which his amoral behaviour leads during the course of the harlequinade. In his view, there was no proper balance between music and theatre in the operas of his time, because the music seemed to be more important than the dramatic aspects in these works. The Zanni has to lower his center of gravity. Moi writes that "Ibsen is the most important playwright writing after Shakespeare. Drama can be combined with music: the dramatic text in opera is generally sung throughout; as for in some ballets dance "expresses or imitates emotion, character, and narrative action". For the film genre, see, Artwork intended for performance, formal type of literature, Wickham (1959, 3241; 1969, 133; 1981, 6869). The episode, "Next Stop, Nowhere", depicted punks as nihilistic "spiky-haired teenagers and flippant young adults" who are "cartoonishly naive and short-sighted" and full of "punk rage", and who think with "rigid ideology and relentless hopelessness". A reckless, impulsive macho character known for taking risks. They may have a "tragic" death towards the end of the movie. [3][6], In 1800, at Drury Lane, in Harlequin Amulet; or, The Magick of Mona, Harlequin was modified to become "romantic and mercurial, instead of mischievous". Some of the most popular pantomime stories include Cinderella, Aladdin, Dick Whittington and His Cat and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[5] as well as Jack and the Beanstalk, Peter Pan, Puss in Boots and Sleeping Beauty. In the early nineteenth century Paris, Jean-Gaspard Deburau solidified the many attributes that we have come to know in modern times, including the silent figure in whiteface. Karnad's numerous plays such as Tughlaq, Hayavadana, Taledanda, and Naga-Mandala are significant contributions to Indian drama. She draws men into a. [25] This production was not a success, and Weaver waited until 1716 to produce his next pantomimes, including The Loves of Mars and Venus a new Entertainment in Dancing after the manner of the Antient Pantomimes. A character, often a child (or a child-like adult) who is shows moral purity, kindness and goodness. The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. A woman with dark hair, usually seen wearing jet black dresses, and having a macabre sense of humor. In Italian it is specifically a name of someone whose identity is not of any importance. In the mid-1690s, a brief second Restoration comedy renaissance arose, aimed at a wider audience. The performers were generally male (for both male and female roles), although female amateurs also perform N dramas. It was developed in England and is still performed throughout the United Kingdom, generally during the Christmas and New Year season and, to a lesser extent, in other English-speaking countries. An elegant, beautiful young woman of the American Old South's upper class. She was also sometimes portrayed as a prostitute. A person who exhibits a very wide range of abilities and knowledge, making him a form of, A character, often supernatural or fable-like, who provides, A young child who joins the cast of an ongoing series (usually a. The principal male and female characters from the beginning plotline, often both played by young women,[30] became the lovers Columbine and Harlequin, the mother or father of Columbine became Pantaloon, and the servant or other comic character became Clown. [21] Zanni is also known to be vocal with sounds including farting, burping, and snoring.[22]. The Harbingers appear to be rather divided in their methods and views across the Fatui. The order may also be reversed. 925). [33] As manager of Drury Lane in the 1870s, Augustus Harris produced and co-wrote a series of extraordinarily popular pantomimes, focusing on the spectacle of the productions, that pushed this transition by emphasizing comic business in the pantomime opening and grand processionals. A wise old figure who's mentoring the young disciple in his ancient craft. Arlecchino, for example, was more representative of a jester than an ordinary servant and was frequently depicted as very acrobatic. Someone who dies a martyr only to rise from the dead to fight evil, as in the story of, The opposite of the Cousin Oliver: a minor character, usually a sibling of one of the main characters, who is quickly jettisoned when a. Cartledge, Paul. Although Colombine is one name associated with the female servant prostitute character archetype, other names under which the same character is played in Commedia dell'arte performances include Franceschina, Smeraldina, Oliva, Nespola, Spinetta Ricciolina, and Corallina Diamantina. [69] His plays are written in Bengali and include Chitra (Chitrangada, 1892), The King of the Dark Chamber (Raja, 1910), The Post Office (Dakghar, 1913), and Red Oleander (Raktakarabi, 1924). A delivery person roped into a sexual affair with a married customer. [66] The Mahbhya by Patajali contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama. In 1716 John Weaver, the dancing master at Drury Lane, presented "The Loves of Mars and Venus a new Entertainment in Dancing after the manner of the Antient Pantomimes". Usually static young female characters who have eccentric personality quirks and are unabashedly girlish, dreamy, and attractive. The setting was usually a street scene containing several stage traps, trick doors and windows. These included the innamorati (young lovers); the vecchi (old men) such as Pantalone; and zanni (servants) such as Arlecchino, Colombina, Scaramouche and Pierrot. Modern theatrical and musical drama has also developed in Japan in forms such as shingeki and the Takarazuka Revue. 1981. Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods: Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy.Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes; Middle Comedy is largely She is usually a, A caricature of working-class 1950s American urban youth. These early pantomimes were silent, or "dumb show", performances consisting of only dancing and gestures. The titles continued to include the word Harlequin even after the first decade of the 1800s, when Joseph Grimaldi came to dominate London pantomime and made the character, Clown, a colourful agent of chaos, as important in the entertainment as Harlequin. "India." Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir, struggles with finding women willing to date him, https://the-artifice.com/back-to-the-future-function-of-supporting-characters/, "These are the 12 characters in every war movie", "Here's Some History Behind That 'Angry Black Woman' Riff the NY Times Tossed Around", "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: antihero", https://gamerant.com/best-anti-heroes-movies/, https://www.looper.com/218573/the-best-movie-antiheroes-of-all-time/, "Stallone To Return As 'Rambo' In New TV Series! May also be known as a "tart with a heart". [11] Throughout the 19th century, as stage machinery and technology improved, the transformation of the set became more and more spectacular. In a family setting, usually the second of three children, who is often neglected and/or disrespected due to their parents (and the overall story) paying more attention to the youngest and oldest siblings. [5], Overall, the Zanni in early commedia dell'arte is the name for the 'carter' which is the servant. It was originally a slapstick adaptation or variant of the Commedia dell'arte, which originated in Italy and reached its apogee there in the 16th and Columbine (Colombina in Italian) is a lovely woman who has caught the eye of Harlequin. Many of these plays contained comedy, devils, villains, and clowns. Colley Cibber, David Garrick and others competed with Rich and produced their own pantomimes, and pantomime continued to grow in popularity. "[36] The harlequinade began with various chase scenes, in which Harlequin and Columbine manage to escape from the clutches of Clown and Pantaloon, despite the acrobatic leaps of the former through windows, atop ladders, often because of well-meaning but misguided actions of the policeman. The single play that does most to support the charge of obscenity levelled then and now at Restoration comedy is probably Wycherley's masterpiece The Country Wife (1675), whose title contains a lewd pun and whose notorious "china scene" is a series of sustained double entendres.[40]. The Harbingers' titles are derived from the stock characters in commedia dell'arte, a type of Italian theater which uses masks to designate their character's role in the story. An isolated, alienated person who struggles to connect with people. She is Harlequin's mistress, a comic servant playing the tricky slave type, and wife of Pierrot.Rudlin and Crick use the Italian spelling Colombina in Commedia dell'arte: A Handbook for Troupes. Some of these conventions were once common to other genres of popular theatre such as melodrama. [73][74], Pantomime was imported[when?] He is the finest practical satyrist that ever existed. The dark lord is often wounded, though still powerful enough to defile the land. Five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia (though during the Peloponnesian War this may have been reduced to three), each offering a single comedy. [21], Zanni Jubilant involves skipping on his toes with his center of gravity moving from side to side. [6] She was also known to wear heavy makeup around her eyes[8] and carry a tambourine,[9] which she could use to fend off the amorous advances of Pantalone. Webber, Elizabeth; Feinsilber, Mike (1999). The second Zanni is also unable to tell his right hand from his left. Broadbent spends the first half of his book tracing the ancient and European origins of pantomime. Zanni also has a variety of poses. In "Lazzi of the Cat" the Zanni mimics the actions of a cat, demonstrating how the cat hunts for wild birds or how the cat cleans himself by scratching his ears with his feet and cleaning his body with his mouth. An allegorical evil part in medieval morality plays. Il Dottore and Pantalone are the comic foil of each other, Pantalone being the decadent wealthy merchant, and Il Dottore Grimaldi's popularity changed the balance of the evening's entertainment, with the first, relatively serious, section soon dwindling to what Mayer calls "little more than a pretext for determining the characters who were to be transformed into those of the harlequinade. The sense of the creator of plays as a "maker" rather than a "writer" is preserved in the word. The Castle of Perseverance (c. 14001425) depicts an archetypal figure's progress from birth through to death. There were many characters in commedia dellarte. A password reset link will be sent to you by email. The two are usually inseparable. [2] The last harlequinade was played at the Lyceum Theatre in 1939. Tavern Bilkers, by John Weaver, the dancing master at Drury Lane, is cited as the first pantomime produced on the English stage. Authors of this period drew some of their storylines from Greek mythology and Roman mythology or from the plays of eminent Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence. An attractive middle-aged woman who has an open and active sex life, mostly with younger men (see: Male counterpart of "Sexy mother" - sometimes also called "Hot dad" (see: A woman given to violent, scolding, particularly nagging treatment of men. Young, naive and impressionable, the raw recruit has to learn how to live with military discipline and understand the reasons behind the way the military works. and so opening the harlequinade. She is sometimes the lover of Harlequin, but not always. The support knee is bent and the other leg is extended with his toe pointed. In Banham (1998, 516525). An attractive young woman who is endearingly innocent and wholesome. Brockett and Hildy (2003, 13, 15) and Banham (1998, 442). [42] At the much-anticipated all-star premire in 1700 of The Way of the World, Congreve's first comedy for five years, the audience showed only moderate enthusiasm for that subtle and almost melancholy work. At least we can tell our grandchildren that we saw McKellen's Twankey and it was huge. Usually a young adult female characters who is perceived to have zero flaws or weaknesses while being skillful or powerful in a way not justified by their backstory. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BC, they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating the god Dionysus. [71][72], The National Pantomime of Jamaica was started in 1941 by educators Henry Fowler and Greta Fowler, pioneers of the Little Theatre Movement in Jamaica. From 1945 through the 1960s, Hollywood depicted Japanese men as a pint-sized man wearing black-framed spectacles, with protuberant incisors, like the klutzy photographer "Yunioshi" in Breakfast at Tiffany's. [3], The role of the female servant was originally that of an entr'acte dancer. All of the Harbingers are revered by their subordinates and underlings, often addressing them "Lord" or "Lady," and try not to get on their bad side. [66] The ancient Vedas (hymns from between 1500 and 1000 BC that are among the earliest examples of literature in the world) contain no hint of it (although a small number are composed in a form of dialogue) and the rituals of the Vedic period do not appear to have developed into theatre. Zanni is also known for his ability to scheme and manipulate. Characters appearing in short stories by US sports writer and author Damon Runyon, which depict Prohibition era underworld New Yorkers from Brooklyn or Midtown Manhattan. Modern pantomime includes songs, gags, slapstick comedy and dancing. A henchman or gang member who commits violent crimes. [21], Zanni Running includes swift movements with legs kicking out in front of him with his toes pointed. [11][12] The English word came to be applied to the performance itself. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. This type of walk is used when the Zanni has a "new button or a feather on his cap". It was originally a slapstick adaptation or variant of the Commedia dell'arte, which originated in Italy and reached its apogee there in the 16th and 17th centuries. The development of English pantomime was also strongly influenced by the continental commedia dell'arte, a form of popular theatre that arose in Italy in the Early Modern Period.This was a "comedy of professional artists" travelling from province to province in Italy and then France, who improvised and told comic stories that held lessons for the crowd, changing the main character Chinese opera has seen a more conservative development over a somewhat longer period of time. [19], While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, the year 240 BC marks the beginning of regular Roman drama. [2] They are also all wealthy, powerful members of Snezhnayan society; according to Ekaterina, the amount of money Childe has saved at the Northland Bank "boggles the mind," while Goth tells the Traveler that Pantalone, the richest of all, rented out the entire Goth Grand Hotel in Mondstadt for the Fatui's personal use and paid him upfront. In fantasy, he may also be a, An unsophisticated country person whose rural accent and coarse manners are used for, The underestimated youngest child in a family of many children, usually all of the same gender. [33], Many plays survive from France and Germany in the late Middle Ages, when some type of religious drama was performed in nearly every European country. [8] In improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance; performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. [7] Scaramouche is universally disliked by everyone, including his fellow Harbingers[8], while Arlecchino is seen by both him and Childe as a dangerously unstable potential loose cannon and Columbina is feared even by higher ranked Harbingers despite her oblivious/innocent appearance. An often elaborate magical transformation scene, presided over by a fairy, connected the unrelated stories, changing the first part of the pantomime, and its characters, into the harlequinade. These walks include The Little Zanni, The Big Zanni, Zanni Running, Zanni Jubilant, Vain Zanni, and Soldier Zanni. An old, miserly and wealthy boss who refuses to spend money and prefers to hoard it. Usually, there is a lesson learned, and with some help from the audience, the hero/heroine saves the day. 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