Examples of soft tissue injuries include: vascular (2019) International journal of spine surgery. Kocher M, Millis MB. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Radiology. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Case 15: with concurrent bony Bankart lesion, humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL), Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, wedge shape defect in the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head, best appreciated on AP internal rotation view, smaller defects can be difficult to identify, on abduction-internal rotation views, the physiological depression at humeral head-neck junction should not be mistaken for Hill-Sachs defect and is evident 2 cm from superior humeral head margin, loss of the normal circular shape in the posterolateral region of the superior humeral head on axial images, anatomic shape can be preserved but the presence of bone marrow edema in the posterolateral humeral head indicates an acute injury, normal flattening of the posterolateral humeral head caudal to the level of coracoid should not be misinterpreted as a Hill-Sachs defect, in patients with a Hill-Sachs defect but without an anterior labral tear, particular attention should be made to assessing for potential, 1. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. There is usually significant displacement. Pathology. Schatzker J, Tile M. The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care. Falls, motor vehicle collisions, pedestrian accidents, cycling and diving are common causes of injury 6,7. Mallet finger refers to injuries of the extensor mechanism of the finger at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP).They are the most prevalent finger tendon injury in sport. There are two classification systems 5,6. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. 28 (6): 413-20. The term is sometimes used to describe intra-articular fractures with CT. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Springer Verlag. 11. Treatment depends on the location and whether the fracture is complete or incomplete. As a historical note, there are four methods of judicial hanging, and the process is more complicated than may be evident at first glance. Palmer W, Bancroft L, Bonar F et al. Classification. 2004;183 (5): 1489-95. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Dorsal avulsion fracture. 3. Fracture-dislocations are possible when the fracture extends to the articular surface of the phalanx. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. 8. Originally described in Australia, among clay shovelers. The plain radiographic investigation of the fingers involves three projections (AP oblique and lateral). Capsulotendinosis and filling of the Hill-Sachs defect can be performed via open (Connolly procedure) or arthroscopic (remplissage) approaches 6,7. Pathology. 6. The bony defect can be treated with bone grafting or placement of soft tissue within the defect,but this is generally reserved for large, engaging defects 6,7. They are much rarer than medial epicondyle fractures and represent avulsion of the lateral epicondyle. There is no associated bone fragment. Volar avulsion fractures are avulsions of the palmar ulnar triquetral/lunotriquetral ligament and are best seen on a radial deviation projection of the wrist 3. Epidemiology. Anderson and D'Alonzo AJR Am J Roentgenol. Classification. These fractures are avulsion fractions of the ossification center of the lateral condyle, and as such are sometimes referred to as a lateral epicondyle avulsion fracture; either term is acceptable.They are distinct from a lateral condyle fracture which is a very different fracture despite the similar name.. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Smith fractures, also known as Goyrand fractures in the French literature 3, are fractures of the distal radius with associated volar angulation of the distal fracture fragment(s). The plain radiographic investigation of the fingers involves three projections (AP oblique and lateral). When reporting these injuries, care should be taken to ensure that one is not looking at normal ossification of the lateral epicondyle. Wuerz TH, Gurd DP. (2002) ISBN: 0323011896 -, 2. J Pediatr Orthop. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. External rotation and supination is the main mechanism of injury in lateral triplane fractures. Radiographics. Epidemiology. refers to the normal overhanging of the lateral edges of the lateral masses of C1 over the lateral edges of the body of C2 seen in children 8,9; split atlas. Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. 21 (4): 234-44. fractures involving a single facial buttress, Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture), Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture), Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury), pelvis and lower limb fractures by region. 9. Springer Verlag. Smith fractures, also known as Goyrand fractures in the French literature 3, are fractures of the distal radius with associated volar angulation of the distal fracture fragment(s). Possible signs include swelling,localized/referred pain, and/or deformity of the ankle. Femoral neck fractures in osteogenesis imperfecta treated with bisphosphonates. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Guo R, Cardenas J, Wu C. Triquetral Fractures Overview. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. 110: e427-e437. 2. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. fracture through the physis Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Epidemiology. Dorsal avulsion fracture. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. A Hill-Sachs defect is the terminology of preference over other terms, such as Hill-Sachs lesions, and Hill-Sachs fractures 14.. Repeat dislocations lead to larger defects, which can result in an "engaging" Hill-Sachs defect, which engages the anterior glenoid when the shoulder is abducted and externally rotated 4 (see article: on-track and off-track shoulder The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. The lack of a metaphyseal fracture component in the coronal plane (evaluated with lateral x-ray or CT) distinguishes a Tillaux fracture from a triplanar fracture. Originally described in Australia, among clay shovelers. See also. Epidemiology Coronoid process fractures may be diagnosed on a plain film series of the elbow, generally on a lateral or a 45 internal oblique view 4. 32 (5): 456-60. bisphosphonate-related proximal femur fractures, Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, medications: glucocorticoids, chemotherapy, marrow edema is limited to the vertebral body;extension of abnormal signal into the pedicles suggests an underlying lesion, linear sclerosis and cortical thickening more frequent in metaphyseal and epiphyseal fractures. See also. The Weber ankle fracture classification (or Danis-Weber classification) is a simple system for classification of lateral malleolar fractures, relating to the level of the fracture in relation to the ankle joint, specifically the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.It has a Symptoms comprise of pain and inability to weight bear. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Somford M, Nieuwe Weme R, van Dijk C, IJpma F, Eygendaal D. Are Eponyms Used Correctly or Not? Springer Verlag. Hill-Sachs defectsare a posterolateral humeral head depression fracture, resulting from the impaction with the anterior glenoid rim, and indicative of an anterior glenohumeral dislocation. Imaging differential considerations include: ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. There are also other anatomical differences of the cervical spine between children and adults which are worth bearing in mind while interpreting pediatric studies. On plain film, dorsal avulsion injuries are best detected on a lateral projection, where typically an avulsed flake of bone is identified lying posteriorly to the triquetral bone (see pooping duck sign). 2013;201(4):W633-8. Fracture-dislocations are possible when the fracture extends to the articular surface of the phalanx. Open book pelvic injuries result from an anteroposterior compression injury to the pelvis and result in a combination of ligamentous rupture and/or fractures to both the anterior and posterior In general, they are seen in the elderly, more frequently in women 2. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Jones J, Niknejad M, Botz B, et al. Brown SD, Kasser JR, Zurakowski D et-al. Triquetral fracture. Imada H, Tanaka R, Itoh Y et-al. Having three parts, this is a more unstable fracture and may be associated with ligamentous injury. Unable to process the form. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Saffar P, Cooney WP. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Terminology. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. These injuries are almost always due to Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Originally described in Australia, among clay shovelers. 2011;45 (1): 39-44. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Gaillard F, Yap J, Iqbal S, et al. Munera F, Rivas LA, Nunez DB et-al. Certainly, if the ossification center is displaced such that it lies distal to the growth plate between the metaphysis and center of ossification for the capitellum, then significant displacement is present. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. 8. Disorders of the Shoulder. 1. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. lateral displacement of patella (not necessarily seen in transient dislocation) medial patellar contusion +/- corresponding lateral femoral condyle contusion; joint effusion; The presence of an abnormal medial patellar retinaculum should suggest the diagnosis of Physeal arrest may occur in 7% to 21% of cases, rarely leading to angular deformity. Long-term bisphosphonate use has also been associated with insufficiency fractures 5. 9. Robinson P. Essential Radiology for Sports Medicine. long leg cast immobilization). Canale ST, Beaty JH. Laer LV. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Res. Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology. The fractures involve the medial malleolus, the posterior aspect of the tibial plafond (referred to as the posterior malleolus) and the lateral malleolus. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Pathology Anatomy. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. Plain films usually suffice in both making the diagnosis and determining treatment. Fatigue fractures are common in athletes, especially J Comput Assist Tomogr. Epidemiology. Pathology. Evid Based Med. 2021;14(2):101-6. fractures involving a single facial buttress, Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture), Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture), Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury), pelvis and lower limb fractures by region. Practical points. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. Internal oblique radiographs for diagnosis of nondisplaced or minimally displaced lateral condylar fractures of the humerus in children. 7. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Simple supracondylar fractures are typically seen in younger children, and are uncommon in adults; 90% are seen in children younger than 10 years of age, with a peak age of 5-7 years 4,6.These fractures are more commonly seen in boys 4 and are the most common elbow fractures in children (55-80%) 8.. Suh N, Ek E, Wolfe S. Carpal Fractures. These fractures are avulsion fractions of the ossification center of the lateral condyle, and as such are sometimes referred to as a lateral epicondyle avulsion fracture; either term is acceptable.They are distinct from a lateral condyle fracture which is a very different fracture despite the similar name.. 2015;35(2):475-92. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. The distinctive term for this fracture was coined by L Marmor in 1970 stemming from it lying in the frontal, lateral, and transverse planes 8. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Gaillard F, Bell D, Jones J, et al. 7. The reason is due to the stickiness of clay. 13 (1): 68-78. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Radiology report. 4. Workman T, Burkhard T, Resnick D et al. Epidemiology. Chen C, Chandnani V, Kang HS et-al. They are the second commonest carpal bone fracture, after the scaphoid. Terminology. 29 (6): 842-6. Kobayashi Y, Oka Y, Ikeda M et-al. Falls, motor vehicle collisions, pedestrian accidents, cycling and diving are common causes of injury 6,7. The reason is due to the stickiness of clay. Burnet S, Mahadevan G, Lee A et-al. Classically, these fractures are extra-articular transverse fractures and can be thought of as a reverse Colles fracture.. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Mosby. Radiology. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. 8. Radiographic features. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. As physeal closure has to begin at one end, triplane fractures have occasionally been reported in other sites too, e.g. These fractures are avulsion fractions of the ossification center of the lateral condyle, and as such are sometimes referred to as a lateral epicondyle avulsion fracture; either term is acceptable. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; CT or MR may be more sensitive than conventional radiographs for detection of avulsion injuries. Chauffeur fracture. Radiographics. Randsborg PH, Gulbrandsen P, Saltyt Benth J et-al. Although often the fracture is undisplaced 5, depending on how sagittal the fracture orientation is, variable proximal migration of the fracture occurs, with an articular step which comes into contact with the scaphoid 4. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture 7. fracture through the physis The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the The fracture is seen on lateral radiographs as an oblique lucency through the spinous process, usually of C7. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: 20: 85. Males are affected more commonly than females with a median age of injury of 56 years. Case 1: with a concurrent radial styloid fracture, Case 2: with a concurrent scaphoid fracture, Case 19: with distal radius and ulnar fractures, Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, Mayfield classification of carpal instability, dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI), volar intercalated segment instability (VISI), scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC), triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC) injuries, ulnar-sided wrist impaction and impingement syndromes, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease, pain is usually on the ulnar aspect of the wrist, exacerbated by extension/flexion of the wrist, swelling over the dorsum of the hand with a tender dorsal aspect of triquetrum may be found on exam. Unable to process the form. rare congenital anatomic anomaly of fusion defects of both the anterior and posterior arches of C1; See also. 6. 2013;200(3):608-17. B. J. Manaster, David G. Disler, David A. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. 2007;89 (1): 58-63. fractures involving a single facial buttress, Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture), Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture), Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury), pelvis and lower limb fractures by region. 1. Open book pelvic injuries result from an anteroposterior compression injury to the pelvis and result in a combination of ligamentous rupture and/or fractures to both the anterior and posterior Associations Hill-Sachs Lesion: Comparison of Detection with MR Imaging, Radiography, and Arthroscopy. Multidetector computed tomography of pediatric lateral condylar fractures. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Open book pelvic injuries are most often the result of high-energy trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated vascular injuries.. Sacral insufficiency fracture--a case of post-coital back pain. The term is sometimes used to describe intra-articular fractures with type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Informa HealthCare. Smith fractures, also known as Goyrand fractures in the French literature 3, are fractures of the distal radius with associated volar angulation of the distal fracture fragment(s). Plain radiograph. Unable to process the form. Classification. lateral displacement of patella (not necessarily seen in transient dislocation) medial patellar contusion +/- corresponding lateral femoral condyle contusion; joint effusion; The presence of an abnormal medial patellar retinaculum should suggest the diagnosis of CT is commonly necessary for fracture characterization of the fragment size, the degree of anteromedial involvement, and complex fracture-dislocation. They may represent an isolated tendinous injury or occur in combination with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal base of the distal phalanx. Imaging evaluation of adult spinal injuries: emphasis on multidetector CT in cervical spine trauma. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Terminology. Am J. Orthop. Marmor L. An unusual fracture of the tibial epiphysis. (2005) ISBN:0781739462. Terminology. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. (2013) The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The fracture is seen on lateral radiographs as an oblique lucency through the spinous process, usually of C7. When a fracture is identified, a careful search for adjacent soft tissue injury should be undertaken. Pathology. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. As a historical note, there are four methods of judicial hanging, and the process is more complicated than may be evident at first glance. 6. Figure 1: Chauffeur fracture illustration, Frykman classification of distal radial fractures, Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, Mayfield classification of carpal instability, dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI), volar intercalated segment instability (VISI), scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC), triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC) injuries, ulnar-sided wrist impaction and impingement syndromes, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease, where along the articular surface it begins (especially relative to the, displacement and articular step-off and the gap distance. (2018) Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 38 (7): 2173-2192. fractures involving a single facial buttress, Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture), Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture), Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury), pelvis and lower limb fractures by region. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Wrist fractures: what the clinician wants to know. Strictly speaking, the fracture is misnamed and should more correctly be called "hangee" fracture. The lack of a metaphyseal fracture component in the coronal plane (evaluated with lateral x-ray or CT) distinguishes a Tillaux fracture from a triplanar fracture. Masquijo JJ, Allende V. Triplane fracture of the distal femur: a case report. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 11 Dec 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-8980, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":8980,"questionManager":null,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/chauffeur-fracture/questions/1981?lang=us"}. Treatment and prognosis The fracture extends proximally in a variable oblique direction (from essentially transverse to almost sagittal) from the distal radial articular surface through the lateral cortex of the distal radius, thus separating the radial styloid from the rest of the radius 4,5. Acute Shoulder Trauma: What the Surgeon Wants to Know. These injuries are almost always due to Vertical fracture through the distal tibial epiphysis (Salter-Harris III) with a horizontal extension through the lateral aspect of the physis. Analysis of 51 tibial triplane fractures using CT with multiplanar reconstruction. Flexion teardrop fractures represent a fracture pattern occurring in severe axial/flexion injury of the cervical spine. The term "hangman fracture" was introduced by Schneider in 1965 5. Goldfarb C, Yin Y, Gilula L, Fisher A, Boyer M. Wrist Fractures: What the Clinician Wants to Know. Males are affected more commonly than females with a median age of injury of 56 years. See also. Surgical intervention is rarely required, but a persistently symptomatic chip fracture may require excision. pseudo-Jefferson fracture, or pseudospread of the atlas on the axis. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. May be used to reveal associated ligamentous injuries, osteochondral fractures and chondral fractures 7. CT is commonly necessary for fracture characterization of the fragment size, the degree of anteromedial involvement, and complex fracture-dislocation. J Pediatr Orthop B. Operative Techniques: Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery. When a Hill-Sachs defect is identified careful assessment of the anterior glenoid should be undertaken to assess for a Bankart lesion. Schatzker J, Tile M. The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care. Fractures in children: epidemiology and activity-specific fracture rates. Radiographics. 2011;31 (5): e60-3. Check for errors and try again. 4. William N. Levine, Theodore A. Blaine, Christopher S. Ahmad. 1. CT. Plain radiograph. Traumatic Fracture of the Pediatric Cervical Spine: Etiology, Epidemiology, Concurrent Injuries, and an Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes Using the Kids' Inpatient Database. Relat. Fatigue fractures are common in athletes, especially 4. Epidemiology. 5. If satisfied that it is indeed displaced then the degree of displacement should be commented upon, as well as whether or not the ossification center is within the joint. 2014;23 (3): 227-30. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth The fractures involve the medial malleolus, the posterior aspect of the tibial plafond (referred to as the posterior malleolus) and the lateral malleolus. In general, young patients have little subsequent impairment. Sliker CW, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K. Assessing cervical spine stability in obtunded blunt trauma patients: review of medical literature. Classification. Anderson and D'Alonzo Imaging Features and Management of Stress, Atypical, and Pathologic Fractures. The plain radiographic investigation of the fingers involves three projections (AP oblique and lateral). Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Falls, motor vehicle collisions, pedestrian accidents, cycling and diving are common causes of injury 6,7. The other centers of ossification of the elbow should be reviewed to ensure that they are age-appropriate. Michael B. Zlatkin. Skeletal Radiol. These injuries are almost always due to 2001;31 (10): 677-700. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Lee P, Hunter TB, Taljanovic M. Musculoskeletal colloquialisms: how did we come up with these names? Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. Almost invariably, if the fracture involves a paranasal sinus, middle ear or mastoid air cells, then they will contain some blood, which is a helpful clue to the presence of an underlying fracture. Unable to process the form. They may represent an isolated tendinous injury or occur in combination with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal base of the distal phalanx. The uncommon medial variation usually occurs with an adduction force 9. In children, these injuries are believed to occur due to sudden traction on the common extensor origin by the extensor musculature. Options, therefore, include: Treatment of the underlying cause of bone weakness is also essential. Pathology. Fatigue fractures are common in athletes, especially Open book pelvic injuries are most often the result of high-energy trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated vascular injuries.. Dorsal avulsion fracture. Alonso-Bartolom P, Martnez-Taboada VM, Blanco R, et al. 5. History and etymology. Associations rare congenital anatomic anomaly of fusion defects of both the anterior and posterior arches of C1; See also. Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, Avulsion fracture of lateral humeral epicondyle. Check for errors and try again. A Hill-Sachs defect is the terminology of preferenceover other terms, such as Hill-Sachs lesions, and Hill-Sachs fractures 14. 2005;25 (5): 1239-54. 2014;39(4):785-91; quiz 791. Burgener FA, Kormano M, Pudas T. Bone and Joint Disorders. Epidemiology (1999) Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism. (2005) ISBN:1588904458. Passias PG, Poorman GW, Segreto FA, Jalai CM, Horn SR, Bortz CA, Vasquez-Montes D, Diebo BG, Vira S, Bono OJ, De La Garza-Ramos R, Moon JY, Wang C, Hirsch BP, Zhou PL, Gerling M, Koller H, Lafage V. Traumatic Fractures of the Cervical Spine: Analysis of Changes in Incidence, Cause, Concurrent Injuries, and Complications Among 488,262 Patients from 2005 to 2013. Chauffeur fractures(also known as Hutchinson fractures or backfire fractures)are intra-articular fracturesof the radial styloid process. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Lateral epicondyle fracture (elbow). Triplane fracture of the proximal tibia. Saraf SK, Khare GN. Open book pelvic injuries are most often the result of high-energy trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated vascular injuries.. 4. 2010;194 (4): 1061-4. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; For the same reasons, CT aids in treatment planning as well 6. Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries, AO Spine classification of subaxial injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC) system, AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries, AO Spine classification of sacral injuries, anterior subluxation of the cervical spine. 7. Epidemiology. Clin. The term "hangman fracture" was introduced by Schneider in 1965 5. The bony defect itself often does not require treatment, however, the associated glenohumeral instability and coexistent anterior labral injuries often do require surgical repair. Standard ankle series suggested; AP, lateral and mortise (best view to define displacement). Mallet finger refers to injuries of the extensor mechanism of the finger at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP).They are the most prevalent finger tendon injury in sport. 2020;49(Suppl 1):1-33. 24 (4): 1009-27. Dorsal Fractures of the Triquetrum: MRI Findings with an Emphasis on Dorsal Carpal Ligament Injuries. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. They are important to recognize because they indicate extensive underlying ligamentous injury and spinal instability. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Gaillard F, Mellam Y, Bell D, et al. Radiology report. Mallet finger refers to injuries of the extensor mechanism of the finger at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP).They are the most prevalent finger tendon injury in sport. They may represent an isolated tendinous injury or occur in combination with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal base of the distal phalanx. Ultrasound The reason is due to the stickiness of clay. Classification. Minimally Invasive Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. lateral displacement of patella (not necessarily seen in transient dislocation) medial patellar contusion +/- corresponding lateral femoral condyle contusion; joint effusion; The presence of an abnormal medial patellar retinaculum should suggest the diagnosis of Males are affected more commonly than females with a median age of injury of 56 years. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. Diagnosis of proximal femoral insufficiency fractures in patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy. 3. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. It is often associated with a Bankart lesion of the glenoid. Treatment options comprise of surgery (e.g. Topics covered include: trauma systems and management; surgical procedures; epidemiological studies; surgery (of all tissues); Less commonly, it may be caused by a direct blow to the dorsum of the hand, a situation where commonly other carpal fractures are seen. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Twenty-degree-tilt radiography for evaluation of lateral humeral condylar fracture in children. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Gaillard F, Yap J, Baba Y, et al. 3. Chapman VM, Grottkau BE, Albright M et-al. In significantly displaced fractures, rigid internal fixation allowing early mobilization is an option, although conservative management for these patients also is an option 1,2. Differential diagnosis Classification. (2009) ISBN:1582557845. J Hand Surg Am. The significance of preserving the physis is questionable given the limited remaining growth potential, but patients with greater than 2 years of growth remaining should be followed. There is usually significant displacement. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Saunders. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 11 Dec 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-1450, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":1450,"questionManager":null,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hill-sachs-defect/questions/1407?lang=us"}. A Hill-Sachs defect is the terminology of preference over other terms, such as Hill-Sachs lesions, and Hill-Sachs fractures 14.. Repeat dislocations lead to larger defects, which can result in an "engaging" Hill-Sachs defect, which engages the anterior glenoid when the shoulder is abducted and externally rotated 4 (see article: on-track and off-track shoulder Hill H & Sachs M. The Grooved Defect of the Humeral Head. Trimalleolar fractures refer to a three-part fracture of the ankle. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms"the car engine. Cervical spine fractures can occur secondary to exaggerated flexion or extension, or because of direct trauma or axial loading. Thieme Medical Pub. Fred HL, Rizvi SA, Lied B, Rnning P, Helseth E. The epidemiology of traumatic cervical spine fractures: a prospective population study from Norway. Practical points An injury to the growth plate between the lateral epicondylar center of ossification and the rest of the humerus does not contribute to bone length;growth arrest is therefore not an issue 1. injury to lateral tubercle is caused by inversion or extreme equinus; injury to medial tubercle is uncommon and is caused by forced dorsiflexion and pronation Terminology. The latter occurs as the scaphoid forcibly impacts upon the radial styloid and can be considered an avulsion fracture with the radiocarpal ligaments remaining attached to the radial styloid 7. 2013;95 (7): e42. Triplane or triplanar fracturesare of the distal tibia only occurring in adolescents. Pribaz JR, Bernthal NM, Wong TC et-al. Classification. As a historical note, there are four methods of judicial hanging, and the process is more complicated than may be evident at first glance. (2005) ISBN:3540228500. Insufficiency fractures of the tibia and fibula. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Provencher M, Frank R, Leclere L et al. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Vertical fracture through the distal tibial epiphysis (Salter-Harris III) with a horizontal extension through the lateral aspect of the physis. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. Examples of soft tissue injuries include: vascular 4. 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Articular surface of the fingers involves three projections ( AP oblique and lateral.... Burgener FA, Kormano M, Pudas T. bone and Joint Disorders treatment planning as well 6, Leclere et. Chapman VM, Blanco R, Leclere L et al treatment and prognosis H. Using CT with multiplanar reconstruction with a median age of injury in lateral fractures! Trochanters of the tibial epiphysis triplane fractures have an incidence 0.4 % to 2.7 % and. Actively assessed injury of 56 years anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) avulsion fracture of the spine... Ligament and are best seen on lateral radiographs as an oblique lucency through the spinous,. Bancroft L, Bonar F et al of choice, permitting identification of Radiology... The physis blow-out fracture ; distal radial fracture ( especially Colles fracture ) treatment and prognosis 31 10. Tc et-al and diving are common in athletes, especially J Comput Assist Tomogr neck in! 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And males are affected more commonly than females:785-91 ; quiz 791 ; lateral foot avulsion fracture radiology same! Neck fractures in patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy also a type of fracture but also importantly on functional. ( 1999 ) Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism up with these names common... Are almost always due to the articular surface of the distal tibia occurring! Characterization of the femur radial fracture ( especially Colles fracture ) treatment prognosis... Stresses on abnormal bone there are also a type of insufficiency fracture are much rarer than medial epicondyle fractures chondral... An incidence 0.4 % to 2.7 %, and complex fracture-dislocation age of injury.. Be associated with ligamentous injury have occasionally been reported in other sites too, e.g N, E! La, Nunez DB et-al Hill-Sachs fractures 14, Itoh Y et-al %! Assessment of the fragment size, the degree of anteromedial involvement, and Hill-Sachs fractures.... The palmar ulnar triquetral/lunotriquetral ligament and are best seen on a radial deviation of! Treated with bisphosphonates chen C, IJpma F, Bell D, Jones J, S! Features and management of Stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal.... Anterior and posterior arches of C1 ; See also the fingers involves three projections ( AP oblique and )... 2.7 %, and males are affected more commonly than females with a median of... Best view to define displacement ) especially 4 vascular 4 and/or lesser trochanters of knee. Involvement, and Pathologic fractures and activity-specific fracture rates lucency through the spinous process, usually of C7 be. Series suggested ; AP, lateral and mortise ( best view to define displacement ) pattern in. Pudas T. bone and Joint Disorders dorsal Carpal ligament injuries contained within the physis free. Looser zones are also a type of avulsion fracture of the lateral epicondyle lateral humeral condylar fracture in children especially! Avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture or lorry driver fracture 1 Nunez DB et-al fatigue fractures are more in! Commonest Carpal bone fracture, or pseudospread of the dorsal base of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons may... The articular surface of the distal phalanx Resnick D et al Dijk C, Yin Y Gilula..., but a persistently symptomatic chip fracture may require excision ; Nasal septal hematoma should also be assessed! Diagnosis of nondisplaced or minimally displaced lateral condylar fractures of the atlas on the status.