Lending to SMEs and mid-tier firms followed after. It represents Crdit Agricole's regional banks and the group with respect to the public authorities, agricultural trade associations and bodies with authority for cooperative and mutual banking. Crdit Agricole Group (French:[kedi aikl]), sometimes called La banque verte (English: The green bank) due to its historical ties to farming,[4] is a French international banking group and the world's largest cooperative financial institution. Fixed Deposit Journal Entry; Incorporation Expenses; Deferred Revenue Journal Entry; Buy Goods on Credit from a Supplier; Last 1971: third logo, combining the letters C and A. Traditionally associated with corporate finance, such a bank might assist in raising financial capital by underwriting or acting as the But what about the rest of the entry? Reconcile cash amounts, post monthly transactions and close at year end, and format financial reports with custom headers, footnotes and logo. So, there are no charges if the transactions are within the said limit. We see familiar company names like Venmo and American Express and remember that we loaned our friends money or paid off our credit cards. New legislation of 5 August 1920 established a public central clearing organisation for the regional banks: the Office National de Crdit Agricole (ONCA), with Louis Tardy[7] as its chief executive officer, merging two services that were previously embedded in the Ministry of Agriculture. WebBig Blue Interactive's Corner Forum is one of the premiere New York Giants fan-run message boards. You can learn more about INDN here. Where does that information come from? The transaction will increase cash on balance sheet which can be cash on hand or cash at bank. [32], Crdit Agricole has a three-tier structure, comprising the local banks, the regional banks (and their branches and equity investments) and Crdit Agricole S.A. (and its subsidiaries). For Bank of America customers, the task of understanding entries is made easier by the presence of certain tags DES:, INDN:, CO ID: that map to the corresponding ACH "Company Entry Description," "Receiving Individual Name," and "Company Identification" respectively., For Wells Fargo payments, which lack these helpful indicators, there is a uniform ordering that applies to all payments. AMEX EPAYMENT ACH PMT refers to an ACH payment made via the American Express ACH Payment Service. In 2012 Crdit Agricole finally sold all the shares of Intesa Sanpaolo. The cooperative investment certificates of 15 regional banks, and the shares of Crdit Agricole S.A., the group holding company, are listed on the Paris stock exchange. After end of accounting year on 31 march 2021. Where does that information come from? WebThe history of accounting or accountancy can be traced to ancient civilizations.. It is considered a systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board. The bank transaction journal entries below act as a quick reference, and set out the most commonly encountered situations when dealing with the double entry posting of banking transactions. At the annual general meetings of the local banks, which attract around 500,000 participants every year, the stakeholders appoint over 32,000 volunteer directors. A fixed deposit provides interest on the deposited amount. Take for example FUNDRISE G 2025840550 A19100 2J5JFW58EZM41A8 SAM AARONS. WebA bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. The payment mechanisms used helped to make cheques and bank accounts more popular in the countryside. Select a month or year to filter transactions and view their current status: Balanced, Not Balanced, or No Entries. We almost never give these entries a second thought. Internationally, the group decided to refocus on its core markets, starting with Italy, the group's second-largest market. In May 2008 Credit Agricole identified 5billion of asset disposals including the bank's 5.6 percent stake in Italian bank Intesa Sanpaolo, which was worth an estimated 3 billion. Note accrued Interest is interest earned but received it is Asset by nature therefore to increase our asset we debit the accounts. Use a descriptive "Company Name" during ACH setup. It was not until 1897 that the government addressed these problems by requiring the Banque de France to provide funding to Crdit Agricole through an endowment of 40 million gold francs and an annual fee of 2 million francs. Fdration Nationale du Crdit Agricole (FNCA) was created in 1948. From the consumer perspective, it's hard to argue that all of these fields are actually helpful. WebAll solicitor updates. WebThe Bank of America Corporation (often abbreviated BofA or BoA) is an American multinational investment bank and financial services holding company headquartered at the Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.The bank was founded in San Francisco and took its present form when NationsBank of Charlotte acquired it in Edit or create custom journal types and enable detailed descriptions for automatically created transaction entries. In 1960, Paul Driant became the first Chairman of CNCA to come from a farming background. These help businesses give their customers the most context in their bank statements: With these practices in place, businesses can feel confident that their customers will have all the context they need printed cleanly and clearly on their bank statements. On July 15, 2020, when the company receives the interest of $300 (60,000 x 0.5%) from the bank, it can make the journal entry below: This journal entry will eliminate the $150 of receivable that the company has recorded in the June 30 adjusting entry as well as recognize the 15 days of the interest income that the company has earned in July 2020. Between 2004 and 2005, the regional banks and Crdit Agricole S.A. embarked on a major development plan aimed at bolstering the regional banks' leading positions in France by gaining a greater presence in major cities, while at the same time increasing the group's international reach. Major financial developments also took place at this time, including the creation of the five-year note. The random numbers and letters that follow? The first local banks were set up by local elites, including agronomists, teachers and property owners, with farmers playing a minority role. [8] The distribution of long-term bonds created in 1950 enabled Crdit Agricole to be self-financing from 1963. All for free. Override the default payroll general ledger accounts for an employee or vendor. [10], To finance the post-war reconstruction and encourage the mechanisation of farming, CNCA stepped up deposit-taking to supplement the funds provided by the government. WebThe Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is one of two agencies that supply deposit insurance to depositors in American depository institutions, the other being the National Credit Union Administration, which regulates and insures credit unions.The FDIC is a United States government corporation supplying deposit insurance to depositors in PPD is a common SEC code that stands for Prearranged Payment and Deposit entry. Although a standard for ACH formats exists and is widely supported, there is no equivalent agreement for how the payment might appear on a recipient's bank statement. Make journal entries to one of the five separate journals general, cash receipts, cash disbursements, payroll, or budget or save time and have Drake Accounting do it automatically. Company ABC is a retail store, most of the sales are made in cash so the accountant needs to deposit to the bank on a weekly basis. In addition, an interbank agreement was signed to make Crdit Agricole bank cards part of the carte bleue system used by other banks. 8000 it means 4000 is advance Interest received which is not received. As of 2022, JPMorgan Chase is the largest bank in the United States, the world's largest bank by market capitalization, and the fifth largest bank in the world in terms of total This included the creation of Calyon in 2004 from the merger of the corporate and investment banking activities of Crdit Lyonnais and Crdit Agricole Indosuez. Institutional investors, particularly in the UK and US, are not always at ease with this approach. In 1996, the group bought Banque Indosuez and then created Indocam, an asset management subsidiary (renamed Crdit Agricole Asset Management in 1999), and Crdit Agricole Indosuez for corporate and investment banking. [6] Local banks of the group owned the regional banks, in turn the regional banks majority owned the S.A. via a holding company, in turn the S.A. owned part of the subsidiaries of the group, such as LCL, the Italian network and the CIB unit. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'accountinguide_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-accountinguide_com-medrectangle-3-0');The journal entry at the end of the period is necessary for the company to recognize the revenue that it has already earned. Finaref was acquired in 2003. After the end of the accounting year on 31 March 2021. Understanding the Bank Charges Journal Entry in the books of Account Holder Cash Handling Charges: Banks allow certain limits for deposits or withdrawal cash. [17] CNCA was reincorporated into a public limited company, with a 90% stake sold to the regional banks and 10% to staff. Accrued on fixed deposit is also shown in the Asset side of the Balance sheet. Mr. Malik makes a Fixed Deposit with the bank on 1 April 2019 of Rs 100000 for 3 years and the bank promises to pay Rs 7,000 interest rate per annual. 2000 it means 2000 is accrued which is not received. Join the discussion about your favorite team! Forms 940, 940-PR, 941, 941-PR, 941-SS, 941-X, 943, 943-PR, 943-X, 944, 944-SP, 944-X, 945, and 945-X, Forms 1098 (listed as 1098-MORT in the program), 1098-C, and 1098-T, Forms 1099-A, B, C, DIV, G, INT, MISC, NEC, OID, PATR, R, and S. They have 7.4 million stakeholders (December 2013), who are both clients and owners of the share capital (through ownership shares) of the local banks, in accordance with the cooperative governance principle. They boast a network of some 7,200 branches and 12,000 ATMs, plus more than 7,000 in-store cash points, which provide Crdit Agricole customers with basic banking services. The whole investment into Emporiki cost around 9 billion. Update prior year client, bookkeeping and On-the-Fly information without re-entering client information, including payrolls. While 16 characters might seem like a lot of information, we often observe that longer names are truncated in confusing ways. [7], Local and regional banks did not emerge from the 1930 crisis unscathed. Whereas, in recurring deposits, the customer deposits fixed amounts in small intervals for a long period.It is also now as RD. WebDeposit in Transit Journal Entry Example. [11] Financial flows between the government and the organisation reversed, with Crdit Agricole now sending deposits to the Treasury. [25] Furthermore, Crdit Agricole had to write down the goodwill on its balance sheet. Readers of a bank statement must figure out where one field ends and another begins. After end of accounting year on 31 Marches 2021.We have to adjust the accrued interest and debit our bank accounts and credit our fixed deposit. IRS TREAS 310 TAX REF refers to a refund from a filed tax return, including amendments or adjustments to your tax return by the IRS. Our offices are closed Monday 5 December for St Andrews Day in line with Scottish Courts, with details of payment dates and opening times over festive period. Voiding a WebA payday loan (also called a payday advance, salary loan, payroll loan, small dollar loan, short term, or cash advance loan) is a short-term unsecured loan, often characterized by high interest rates.. WebWachovia was a diversified financial services company based in Charlotte, North Carolina.Before its acquisition by Wells Fargo and Company in 2008, Wachovia was the fourth-largest bank holding company in the United States, based on total assets. It was the title sponsor of the Crdit Agricole professional road cycling team from 1998 to 2008. In 2011 Crdit Agricole acquired Carispezia from Intesa Sanpaolo, as well as 96 branches directly from Intesa Sanpaolo. WebA cheque, or check (American English; see spelling differences) is a document that orders a bank (or credit union) to pay a specific amount of money from a person's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.The person writing the cheque, known as the drawer, has a transaction banking account (often called a current, cheque, Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. The company can make the interest income journal entry by debiting the interest receivable account and crediting the interest income account.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'accountinguide_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_8',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-accountinguide_com-medrectangle-4-0'); This journal entry is required at the period-end adjusting entry to recognize the interest income earned but not yet recorded during the accounting period. INDN refers to the Receiving Individual Name in an ACH transaction. Crdit Agricole's regional banks are cooperative entities and fully-fledged banks, offering a wide range of financial products and services to their 20 million clients (end-2008). [14] Crdit Agricole began distributing home purchase savings products from 1967, government-regulated mortgages from 1972 and first-time-buyer loans in 1977. Create these federal forms for printing or e-filing where applicable: Live and after-the-fact (ATF) employee payroll including MICR check printing, direct deposit through Kotapay, e-filing quarterly and yearly employment tax forms, and e-filing Forms W-2 and 1099-MISC. In 2001, Crdit Agricole S.A. was floated on the stock market, although the regional banks (44 at the time) retained a majority share, as provided for by the group's mutual articles of association. What might appear as AMERICAN EXPRESS ACH PMT 190417 A1110 SAMUEL I AARONS at one bank would show up as AMERICAN EXPRESS DES:ACH PMT INDN: SAMUEL I AARONS CO ID: XXX123 PPD at a different bank. He remained in this position for 14 years.[12]. Semi-cryptic entries on our bank statements. Fixed deposit is Asset hence we are adding Asset in Business year then We Debit Fixed Deposit accounts. Crdit Agricole has been the main sponsor of the Italian national rugby team since 2007 via its Italian subsidiary Cariparma. Now in when we get accrued interest on Fixed deposit. The Caisse Nationale took on a greater role and aided the most heavily exposed banks. When a fixed amount of money is deposited in the bank and the bank promises to pay the interest along with the fixed deposit amount to its customer this amount is called a fixed deposit. Specify the bank account to which the deposit is being made in the "Name" section of the transaction if using accounting software. Note: Similarly accrued Interest is interest earned but received it is Asset by nature therefore to increase our asset we debit the accounts. International expansion continued with the acquisition of stakes in Banco Ambrosiano Veneto in Italy in 1989 and Banco Esprito Santo in Portugal in 1991. Interest income is a type of income that is earned and accumulated with the passage of time. Fdration Nationale du Crdit Agricole (FNCA) is the body through which the regional banks discuss policy, express their views and represent themselves. The following year, Crdit Agricole provided additional support by financing wheat stocks through discounting when the National Cereals Board (ONIC) was established. Note : Interest on FD to be received is Rs 8000 as we made FD on 1 December 2019 and Financial Year Close on 31March therefore 12000/12 = 1000 is interest for one month for 4 months it is 4000. Beyond these three fields, some banks will choose to include a small set of other fields that may aid a consumer in tracking down the specific purpose of a payment. After end of accounting year on 31 march 2020. Crdit Agricole S.A. is a socit anonyme. When the interbank lending market seized up, Crdit Agricole was forced in January 2008 to sell its long-standing stake in Suez for 1,3 billion[23] and then in May 2008 to organise a 5.9 billion rights issue to which all the regional banks subscribed to meet Basel II regulatory requirements. In the early years, business was made up exclusively of short-term loans provided as advances on harvests, enabling farmers to live more comfortably. In 1959, Crdit Agricole was authorised by decree to finance property loans for primary residences in rural areas, irrespective of the status of the owner (even non-farmers). WebBrowse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. Crdit Agricole also withdrew totally from Spanish bank Bankinter, resulting in a book loss of 193 million, and took a massive 600 million write-down on consumer credit, notably owing to difficulties in Italy. FNCA provides services to regional banks, particularly in the fields of vocational training, through the Crdit Agricole Mutuel training centre, and human resource management. On April 18, 2008, Credit Agricole revealed that it would post $1.2 billion in losses related to subprime mortgage securities. The first subsidiaries were set up at the end of the 1960s to address the specific needs of CNCA: Union d'tudes et d'investissements (UI) was created in 1967 to make equity investments, followed by Segespar for asset management in 1968, and Unicrdit to grant loans to food producers in 1971. The regional banks help to promote the cooperative model locally through a variety of initiatives, such as the Perspectives Mutualistes conference series (Pau in 2006, Angers in 2007, Reims in 200831, Orlans in 2009), and by issuing special bank cards for stakeholders. Over the years, the team won many stages in major cycling races as well as several national championships. Crdit Agricole professional road cycling team, Learn how and when to remove this template message, colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing, "De Las Cases Jean Jaurs: Crdit Agricole S.A. travers ses siges", "Financial review at 31 December 2019 Update A.01 of the registration document, registered with the AMF on 21 March, 2019 under number D.17-0197", "Crdit Agricole: la banque verte s'engage devenir arc-en-ciel", "Crdit Agricole en tte du CAC 40 grce ses profits historiques et aux rachat d'actions", "Dcret du 9 fvrier 1921 relatif l'application de la loi du 5 aot 1920 sur le crdit mutuel et la coopration agricole", "Du monde rural la Bourse, la longue marche du Crdit Agricole", "Rpartition du capital de Crdit Agricole S.A.", "Les banques s'installent de plus en plus en priphrie de Paris", "Loi n 88-50 du 18 janvier 1988 relative la mutualisation de la Caisse nationale de crdit agricole", "Banque Lucien Douroux le paysan conqurant", "Crdit Agricole vend sa participation dans Suez", "Le Crdit Agricole n'utilisera pas la seconde tranche d'aide d'Etat", "Encore des mauvaises surprises pour Crdit agricole", "Opration vrite en vue sur les comptes", "Le Crdit agricole s'achemine vers une perte 2012 historique", "Crdit Agricole: prsente son plan moyen terme", "Crdit Agricole: le groupe revient aux fondamentaux pour se dvelopper", "Credit Agricole agrees sale of Bulgarian unit", "Le Crdit agricole cde ses 50% dans la banque belge Crelan", "Credit Agricole Bucks Trend as Lender Sees Resilient Trading", "Points Passerelle: les chemins de la russite", "Dj plus de 360 CDI et 670 contrats en alternance mis en place depuis 2006 au sein des Caisses rgionales de Crdit agricole", "Crdit Agricole to appoint Philippe Brassac as chief executive", "Deux banques valent-elles vraiment mieux qu'une? Bank accounts is credited because we use the money of bank to make Fixed Deposit . In September 2007 Credit Agricole had to book a 250 million charge related to an unauthorized trading loss at its New York subsidiary. But the government continued to provide three-quarters of the funding, and short-term lending still accounted for the lion's share of business despite the authorisation to issue long-term loans granted by the Acts of 29 December 1906 and 19 March 1910. [5] It consists of a network of Crdit Agricole local banks, the 39 Crdit Agricole regional banks, and a central institute, the Crdit Agricole S.A.. For example, on June 16, 2020, the company ABC Ltd. make a one-year fixed deposit with the XYZ Bank in the amount of $60,000. Likewise, if the company doesnt record the above entry, both total income and total assets will be understated. This page was last edited on 1 October 2022, at 23:23. WebAccounting. Medium-term and long-term loans were added later, making it possible to buy equipment and livestock. [13] Savings inflows no longer passed through the Treasury, and CNCA was now responsible for balancing the surpluses and deficits of the regional banks. The regional banks opened many offices, with the total increasing from 1,000 in 1947 to 2,259 by 1967.[7]. Interest receivable Rs 12,000 per annual. By the eve of the First World War, every region had at least one. The 21st century saw the group continue to diversify its business line-up. The 2,509 local banks form the foundation of Crdit Agricole. Accounts Receivable. [26] In early February 2013, the bank announced that it would book 3.8 billion in writedowns and costs a record amount according to the media.[27]. In 1926, the institution was renamed Caisse Nationale de Crdit Agricole (CNCA). March 28, 2019. It helps prevent booking income twice or recording a a payment receipt twice. Option for an employee to be tipped both directly and indirectly. It is France's second largest bank, after BNP Paribas, as well as the third largest in Europe and tenth largest in the world. Forms 8809, W-4, 7200, and 8655 are also available. Company Entry Description (10 characters), Receiving Individual Name (22 characters). Forms 940, 940-PR, 941, 941-PR, 941-SS, 941-X, 943, 943-X, 943-PR, 944, 944-SP, 944-X, 945, 945-X, and W-2 are supported, as well as most state quarterly unemployment forms. A properly documented journal entry consists of the correct date, amounts to be debited and credited, description of the transaction and a unique reference number. The goal was to recruit more than 800 disabled persons between 2006 and end-2010, and by end-2009, more than 360 permanent contracts and 670 work/study contracts had been signed. The Greek branch Emporiki was separated from its profitable wealthy parts in Albania, Bulgaria and Romania which were integrated into the Crdit Agricole group. There was talk of a merger between the two, but this did not ultimately come to pass. WebNow understand it with its journal entry with the example given below. Crdit Agricole opened its first foreign branch, in Chicago,[11] in 1979, signalling the start of its strategy of international expansion. 21000 our Fixed deposit account is closed. Crdit Agricole did not take part in the second tranche[24] and repaid the government in October 2009. WebMarcus Mosiah Garvey Sr. ONH (17 August 1887 10 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator.He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL, commonly known as UNIA), through which he declared More and more local and regional banks were established from the turn of the century. Semi-cryptic entries on our bank statements. The law created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States.. WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; The Crdit Agricole S.A. Group comprises the holding company, Crdit Agricole S.A., as well as all its subsidiaries. Print payroll on one check for all locations or one check per location. Rule when we increase our Asset we Debit it in Books of Accounts and when we decrease our Asset we Credit it in Books of Accounts. Solution : When a fixed deposit is made with the bank the following journal entry needs to pass WebHomebuyers race to capture recent drop in mortgage rates. Receive a loan journal entry example: A business takes out a loan with a bank for 25,000 and the money is transferred to the bank account of the business. Crdit Agricole's crisis exit strategy was well received by the markets, with the share price gaining more than 40% over 2009. Each bank tends to have its own method. At the end of 2008, the government decided to loan France's six largest banks 21 billion in two tranches, at an interest rate of 8%, to enable them to continue to play their role in the economy. Make fixed deposit with the bank on 1 Dec 2019 for Rs 100000 . The remaining Greek part was sold off to Alpha Bank for 1. 26 November 2022. On 18 January 1988, the CNCA Mutualisation Act came into force. [7], Between 1939 and 1945, the Vichy regime imposed stricter state supervision on Crdit Agricole. Note : Interest on FD to be received is Rs 4000 as we made FD on 1 December 2019 and Financial Year Close on 31March therefore 12000/12 = 1000 is interest for one month for 4 months it is 4000. Note we adjust our Accrued Interest on FD accounts by Crediting it and interest on Fd for current year need to written and we closed our FD accounts by crediting it as our FD is matured and money is transfer to our Bank A/c. When multiple locations have been established, set up multiple benefits, deductions, and pay rates per location. Philippe Brassac, Secretary General of Fdration Nationale du Crdit Agricole. 121000. and income or interest on Fixed deposit Rs. It is listed through Crdit Agricole S.A., an intermediate holding company, on Euronext Paris' first market and is part of the CAC 40 stock market index. "ForisUS CardtoBank refers to the blockchain company Foris, which operates the cryptocurrency company Crypto.com. View or further customize any of the financial reports using most word processing applications. For more ways to simplify and streamline your payments, reach out to Modern Treasury. [7] It was the first of its kind in France. What do the random numbers and letters mean? In 1999, diversification continued as the group took a stake in the newly privatised Crdit Lyonnais, and acquired leading consumer finance company Sofinco. In 1993, Lucien Douroux, who led the plan to mutualise FNCA, became CNCA's first Chief Executive Officer,[19] having been appointed by Crdit Agricole from existing staff. Crdit Agricole is one of the leading cooperative companies in the world.[33]. [31], In 2017, the group bought 3 small Italian banks. WebThe British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is one of the largest libraries in the world.It is estimated to contain between 170 and 200 million items from many countries. It was the official sponsor of France national football team in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In 1998, following the Tour de France, Crdit Agricole became the lead sponsor of the cycling team led by Roger Legeay, previously sponsored by Gan, an insurer. Journal entry of Advance received from Customer and advance paid to Supplier, Career with data analytics skills for Accountant, Vista Solutions Using Data, Bring Clarity, Best Tally and Taxation institute in Dehradun Uttarakhand. Reflecting this progress, Crdit Agricole was made subject to France's 1984 Banking Act; previously it had been subject only to the Rural Code. ! But we received no interest it means 4000 is accrued which is not received. By the time of the Roman Empire, the government had Payroll journal entries can be created from payroll checks entered, to save keystrokes. Fixed deposit is Asset and Interest on Fixed Deposit is income . In May 2008 Credit Agricole sought to raise 5.9 billion in equity capital from its shareholders. Meanwhile, 18 of the 94 regional banks were listed on the secondary market through issues of cooperative investment certificates, although most of the share capital of the regional banks remained in the hands of the 5.5 million client stakeholders. WebJPMorgan Chase & Co. is an American multinational investment bank and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City and incorporated in Delaware. At the same time, it is to record the interest income that the company has earned during the current accounting period. A lot has been written about ACH and more directly NACHA, the standards body that guides how ACH payments are formatted when being sent between banks. In 1976, the group adopted the slogan "le bon sens prs de chez vous" ("common sense close to home").[7][15]. For Bank of America customers, the task of understanding entries is made easier by the presence of certain tags DES:, INDN:, CO ID: that map to the corresponding ACH "Company Entry Description," "Receiving Individual Name," and "Company Identification" respectively. Wells Fargo bank statements Hence, making this journal entry can avoid the understatement of income and assets due to the interest earned. Businesses were established in Egypt, Ukraine, Serbia, Greece, Italy and Portugal. But we received on Rs. [1], In the 1920s, the bank continued to build its nationwide coverage and expand its business activities, notably by introducing loans to small-scale rural craftsmen in 1920, financing rural electrification and financing local authorities in rural areas from 1923. 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