Block [93] Laser light is usually highly monochromatic, and is also coherent (all the light has the same phase, unlike the light from a discharge lamp), both of which are advantageous for interferometry. Against acid and neutral solutions it shows high chemical resistance, because of its poor alkali content against alkaline solutions. That was Keele University's Katherine Haxton with the story of Platinum. Platinum compounds have been well documented, perhaps none more so than cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), cisplatin. In 1855, another French chemist, Marcellin Berthelot, developed a synthesis from carbon monoxide similar to the process used today. The systematic manner in which all the observations were taken with the view of securing final results of extreme accuracy was admirable. [5][15], Some thought that the base of the metric system could be attacked by pointing out some errors that crept into the measurement of the two French scientists. The very high durability of silicate glasses in water makes them suitable for hazardous and nuclear waste immobilisation. Formic acid contains 53 g/L hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which is three and a half times as much as compressed hydrogen gas can attain at 350 bar pressure (14.7 g/L). Gravimetry gave him a flattening of 1/359. [5] In the meantime, the Netherlands had adopted the metric system from 1816. [citation needed], A variety of heaters can be used for zone melting, with their most important characteristic being the ability to form short molten zones that move slowly and uniformly through the ingot. WebOn 1 May 2014 a paper published in Phys. In the presence of certain acids, including sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids, however, a variant of the Koch reaction occurs instead, and formic acid adds to the alkene to produce a larger carboxylic acid. Formic acid forms a high-boiling azeotrope with water (22.4%). The term 'platinum blond' came about in the 1930's when actresses with platinum jewellery were the stars of newly invented talking pictures. [39] The formate could be used as feed to modified E. coli bacteria for producing biomass. The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Although visible and infrared frequencies were still too high to be directly measured, it was possible to construct a "chain" of laser frequencies that, by suitable multiplication, differ from each other by only a directly measurable frequency in the microwave region. [45] The mtre des Archives remained the legal and practical standard for the metre in France, even once it was known that it did not exactly correspond to the meridional definition. The melting point of iron alloys and the melting point of steel, occur at higher temperatures, around 2,200-2,500 Fahrenheit (F) / 1,205-1,370 Celsius (C). Formic acid used as a volatile pH modifier in HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. Gerhardus H. Koch, Michiel P.H.Brongers, Neil G. Thompson, Y. Paul Virmani and Joe H. Payer. We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm. [62][50] A copy of the Spanish metric geodetic standard was made for Egypt. Fully descriptive writeups. Isaac Newton used this measurement for establishing his law of universal gravitation. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point. Since 1967 atomic clocks define the second. WebThe melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure; at the melting point, the solid and liquid phases exist in equilibrium. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, it could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. The first baseline was measured and verified in 1817. WebLearn about the importance of a melting point and the different melting points of metals including the melting point of aluminum | Online Metals Tungsten has the highest melting point coming in at the extremely high temperature of 6,150 F / 3,399 C, while titanium melts at 3,040 F / 1,670 C. For this reason, 98% formic acid is shipped in plastic bottles with self-venting caps. When it was decided (in 1867) to create a new international standard metre, the length was taken to be that of the mtre des Archives "in the state in which it shall be found". The images may not be posted on any website, shared in any disc library, image storage mechanism, network system or similar arrangement. It follows that the polar diameter of the Earth is smaller than its equatorial diameter. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes through sintering for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, chisels, abrasives, armor-piercing [Note 11] The asymmetry also affected the precision to which the wavelengths could be measured. Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. [43][59][60] In 1866 Spain joined the geodetic association and was represented by Carlos Ibez e Ibez de Ibero. By the 1950s, interferometry had become the method of choice for precise measurements of length, but there remained a practical problem imposed by the system of units used. This class usually contains sodium silicate glasses with a high hydrolytic resistance through surface finishing. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Adrien-Marie Legendre meanwhile found at the same time a flattening of 1/305. [citation needed], When the liquid zone moves by a distance [4], The shortcomings of the krypton standard were demonstrated by the measurement of the wavelength of the light from a methane-stabilised heliumneon laser ( 3.39m). In ants, formic acid is derived from serine through a 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate intermediate. Dynamic Seals. Quickly find the right annealing temperature for Platinum SuperFi DNA polymerase (also works for SuperScript IV One-Step RT-PCR Kit), Phusion and Phire DNA polymerases.. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. For example, its surface remains bright after being Engineering Videos [60][63][64] These comparisons were essential, because of the expansibility of solid materials with raise in temperature which had been demonstrated during the 18th century. [22] Their result came out at 0.144lignes shorter than the provisional value, a difference of about 0.03%.[5]. WebFormic acid is a colorless liquid having a pungent, penetrating odor at room temperature, comparable to the related acetic acid.Formic acid is about ten times stronger than acetic acid.. [48], In 1832, Carl Friedrich Gauss studied the Earth's magnetic field and proposed adding the second to the basic units of the metre and the kilogram in the form of the CGS system (centimetre, gram, second). Be the first to know about special offers, new products and discounts. According to the calculations made at the central bureau of the international association on the great meridian arc extending from the Shetland Islands, through Great Britain, France and Spain to El Aghuat in Algeria, the Earth equatorial radius was 6377935 metres, the ellipticity being assumed as 1/299.15. [23][24][25], Geodetic surveys found practical applications in French cartography and in the Anglo-French Survey, which aimed to connect Paris and Greenwich Observatories and led to the Principal Triangulation of Great Britain. Sodium silicate glass is a silicate glass, which contains alkali- and alkaline earth oxide and primarily sodium oxide and Calcium oxide. The net reaction is thus: Another illustrative method involves the reaction between lead formate and hydrogen sulfide, driven by the formation of lead sulfide. Most commercially produced platinum comes from South Africa, from the mineral cooperite (platinum sulfide). Some of the errors in the operations of Delambre and Mchain were then corrected. Downloads Charles-douard Guillaume demonstrated the effectiveness of Jderin's method, improved by the use of invar's threads. Formic acid has a potential application in soldering. "Ant acid" redirects here. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table.It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in front of oxygen (32.1% and 30.1%, respectively), forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.It is the fourth most The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. In 1645 Giovanni Battista Riccioli had been the first to determine the length of a "seconds pendulum" (a pendulum with a half-period of one second). WebCorrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide.It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Each allotrope has different physical properties. The table below includes the more common metals found on our site such as the stainless steel melting point and titanium melting point! [4][92], Accordingly, the 11thCGPM in 1960 agreed a new definition of the metre:[84]. [23], When methanol and carbon monoxide are combined in the presence of a strong base, the result is methyl formate, according to the chemical equation:[12]. Read headlines with photos covering natural disasters, world news, culture, and more. [26][27] The unit of length used by the French was the Toise de Paris, which was divided in six feet. A shiny, silvery-white metal as resistant to corrosion as gold. [citation needed], It is possible to use formic acid as an intermediary to produce isobutanol from CO2 using microbes. A horizontal row in the periodic table. The volume of HCl required for neutralization is classified according to the table below. [65], For metrology the matter of expansibility was fundamental; as a matter of fact the temperature measuring error related to the length measurement in proportion to the expansibility of the standard and the constantly renewed efforts of metrologists to protect their measuring instruments against the interfering influence of temperature revealed clearly the importance they attached to the expansion-induced errors. [33] In the poultry industry, it is sometimes added to feed to kill E. coli bacteria. [5][6] The wood ants from the genus Formica can spray formic acid on their prey or to defend the nest. Increasingly accurate measurements were required, and scientists looked for measures that were universal and could be based on natural phenomena rather than royal decree or physical prototypes. Zone melting (or zone refining, or floating-zone method, or floating-zone technique) is a group of similar methods of purifying crystals, in which a narrow region of a crystal is melted, and this molten zone is moved along the crystal. WebThis tool calculates the T m of primers and estimates an appropriate annealing temperature when using different DNA polymerases. WebThe melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a solid is the temperature at which a sustance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. In 1557 an Italian scholar, Julius Scaliger, wrote of a metal from Spanish Central America that could not be made to melt and was no doubt platinum. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. This is important in the manufacture of semiconductors, where two solutes of opposite conductivity type are used. "Vegetable oil-based polyurethane coatings: recent developments in India." This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. [37][Note 7], Delambre used a baseline of about 10km (6,075.90 toises) in length along a straight road between Melun and Lieusaint. Rhodium is a precious, silver-white metal, with a high reflectivity for light. Webplatinum (Pt), chemical element, the best known and most widely used of the six platinum metals of Groups 810, Periods 5 and 6, of the periodic table. Formic acid was first synthesized from hydrocyanic acid by the French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac. In zone leveling, the objective is to distribute solute evenly throughout the purified material, which may be sought in the form of a single crystal. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. However, before the discovery of invar, this process was much less precise than the classic method. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. The krypton-86 discharge lamp operating at the triple point of nitrogen (63.14K, 210.01C) was the state-of-the-art light source for interferometry in 1960, but it was soon to be superseded by a new invention: the laser, of which the first working version was constructed in the same year as the redefinition of the metre. Formic acid shares some of the reducing properties of aldehydes, reducing solutions of metal oxides to their respective metal. Hassler departed on 29 August 1811, but eight months later, while he was in England, the War of 1812 broke out, forcing him to remain in Europe until its conclusion in 1815. A new unit of length, the metre was introduced defined as one ten-millionth of the shortest distance from the North Pole to the equator passing through Paris, assuming an Earth flattening of 1/334. WebThe melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid.At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium.The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa.. Isotopes Excel App. The principle is that the segregation coefficient k (the ratio of an impurity in the solid phase to that in the liquid phase) is usually less than one. In the presence of platinum, it decomposes with a release of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. France was particularly affected by the proliferation of length measures, and the need for reform was widely accepted across all political viewpoints, even if it needed the push of revolution to bring it about. [47] For example, the United States received No. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Thus, the Contracting States also received a collection of thermometers whose accuracy made it possible to ensure that of length measurements. [4] The first castings proved unsatisfactory, and the job was given to the London firm of Johnson Matthey who succeeded in producing thirty bars to the required specification. A Swiss immigrant with expertise in both surveying and the standardisation of weights and measures, Ferdinand R. Hassler, was selected to lead the Survey. All rights reservedDisclaimer | CAS number In 1859, a method for melting up to 15 kilograms of platinum using a furnace lined with lime and oxygen and coal gas as fuel was described by Deville and Debray. {\displaystyle dx} Platinum has broad chemical resistance although the metal may be dissolved in aqua regia, a highly acidic mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, forming chloroplatinic acid, and has an extremely high melting point in excess of two thousand degrees centigrade. R. R.; Barr, L. (1 January 1895). These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). In hydrocarbons and in the vapor phase, it consists of hydrogen-bonded dimers rather than individual molecules. [57][58], As a forerunner in Europe, Spain adopted the metre as geodetic standard. It had a x 27 with a calibrated length of 0.9999984 m 0.2 m (1.6m short of the international prototype). The standardized test ISO 719 is not suitable for glasses with poor or not extractable alkaline components, but which are still attacked by water, e.g. We welcome your feedback. One of these, No. Data for this section been provided by the. Important note: If the This in turn was replaced in 1889 at the initiative of the International Geodetic Association by thirty platinum-iridium bars kept across the globe. Towards the end of the 18th century, the geodesists sought to reconcile the values of flattening drawn from the measurements of meridian arcs with that given by Clairaut's spheroid drawn from the measurement of gravity. [66][30][29][43][57][67], The European Arc Measurement decided the creation of an international geodetic standard for measuring baselines at the General Conference held in Paris in 1875. Platinum compounds are important chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancers. Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. How to use this calculator. He measured a base in the Simplon Tunnel in 1905. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact, Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact, If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department. A very heavy, precious, silver-white metal, platinum is soft and ductile and has a high melting point and good resistance to corrosion and chemical attack. If the reaction mixture is heated to higher temperatures, allyl alcohol results. While the Ordnance Survey extended the British survey northward to the Shetland Islands, Arago and Biot extended the survey southward in Spain to the island of Formentera in the western Mediterranean Sea (18061809), and found that one ten-millionth of the Earth's quadrant should be 443.31lignes: later work increased the value to 443.39lignes. The term anthraquinone however refers to the isomer, 9,10-anthraquinone (IUPAC: 9,10-dioxoanthracene) wherein the keto groups are located on the central ring.It is a building Zone refining was invented by John Desmond Bernal[1] and further developed by William G. Pfann[2] in Bell Labs as a method to prepare high purity materials, mainly semiconductors, for manufacturing transistors. The measurement of the wavelength of the krypton line was not made directly against the international prototype metre; instead, the ratio of the wavelength of the krypton line to that of the cadmium line was determined in vacuum. [6][8][9][10][11][12][13], Jean Richer and Giovanni Domenico Cassini measured the parallax of Mars between Paris and Cayenne in French Guiana when Mars was at its closest to Earth in 1672. WebA temperature change may affect the movement or displacement of structural defects in the metal such as grain boundaries, point vacancies, line and screw dislocations, (attaining the melting points of the platinum group metals Glass of the 3rd hydrolytic class usually contains sodium silicate glasses and has a mean hydrolytic resistance, which is two times poorer than of type 1 glasses. Some routes proceed indirectly by first treating the methyl formate with ammonia to give formamide, which is then hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid: A disadvantage of this approach is the need to dispose of the ammonium sulfate byproduct. The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along Shingley Mechanical Engineering Design The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. [22], In his famous work Thorie de la figure de la terre, tire des principes de l'hydrostatique ('Theory of the Figure of the Earth, drawn from the Principles of Hydrostatics') published in 1743, Alexis Claude Clairaut synthesized the relationships existing between gravity and the shape of the Earth. In order to combine the measurements it was necessary to compare the geodetic standards of length used in the different countries. [63][86], The first interferometric measurements carried out using the international prototype metre were those of Albert A. Michelson and Jean-Ren Benot (18921893)[87] and of Benot, Fabry and Perot (1906),[88] both using the red line of cadmium. [69], The progresses of metrology combined with those of gravimetry through improvement of Kater's pendulum led to a new era of geodesy. These values were determined using several different methods. [6]:364, Another related process is zone remelting, in which two solutes are distributed through a pure metal. [97], Nevertheless, the infrared light from a methane-stabilised laser was inconvenient for use in practical interferometry. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion.. WebReference Tables TYPE Monograph 175 Revised to ITS-90 Thermocouple + + The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. [4], The standard measures of length in Europe diverged from one another after the fall of the Carolingian Empire (around 888): while measures could be standardised within a given jurisdiction (which was often little more than a single market town), there were numerous variations of measure between regions. WebThe temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}. ALL CONTENT ONLINEMETALS.COM 1999-2022. The bars were made of a special alloy, 90%platinum and 10%iridium, which was significantly harder than pure platinum, and have a special X-shaped cross section (a "Tresca section", named after French engineer Henri Tresca) to minimise the effects of torsional strain during length comparisons. Platinum plays a significant role in many of the manufactured goods we rely on today. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. Platinum is also used to make optical fibres and LCDs, turbine blades, spark plugs, pacemakers and dental fillings. Khanderay, Jitendra C., and Vikas V. Gite. Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. The sinking of the Titanic inspired public displays of mourning, including a new fashion for black and white jewellery. WebTungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. This did not invalidate the metre but highlighted that progresses in science would allow better measurement of Earth's size and shape. WebThe pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. [28] The English unit of length was the yard, which became the geodetic unit used in the British Empire. {\displaystyle dx} Web1793: The grave (the precursor of the kilogram) was defined as the mass of 1 litre (dm 3) of water, which was determined to be 18841 grains. [1] The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other and with the Committee metre (French: Mtre des Archives) involved the development of specialized measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. [61] He had devised a geodetic standard calibrated against the metre which had been compared to the Toise of Borda (a copy of the Toise of Peru constructed for the measurement of the Paris meridian arc by Delambre and Mechain), which served as a comparison module for the measurement of all geodesic bases in France. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. Indeed, we know now that the resulting acceleration towards the ground is about 0.5% greater at the poles than at the Equator. The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid has long been studied. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. These results, which gave the wavelength of the cadmium line ( 644nm), led to the definition of the ngstrm as a secondary unit of length for spectroscopic measurements, first by the International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research (1907)[89] and later by the CIPM (1927). For practical purposes however, the standard metre was made available in the form of a platinum bar held in Paris. [55] The unit of length to which all distances measured in the U. S. coast survey would be referred was the Committee metre (French: Mtre des Archives), of which Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler had brought a copy in the United States in 1805. Then, in 1735, Antonio Ulloa encountered this curious metal, but as he returned to Europe his ship was captured by the Royal Navy and he ended up in London. [13] Solid formic acid, which can exist in either of two polymorphs, consists of an effectively endless network of hydrogen-bonded formic acid molecules. [68][69], The Paris Conference of the European Arc Measurement also dealt with the best instrument to be used for the determination of gravity. on electrical units which was to lead to the International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units. 770 Nickel Silver Sheet in Stock! Allotropes In 1735 two geodetic standards were calibrated against the Toise of Chtelet. WebMelting point In the All values at standard pressure (101.325 kPa) unless noted. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at standard pressure. [90][101] The definition in terms of the speed of light also means that the metre can be realised using any light source of known frequency, rather than defining a "preferred" source in advance. DePaul University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, age, marital status, pregnancy, parental status, family relationship status, physical or mental disability, military status, genetic information or other status protected WebRegarding the two methods by which the effect of temperature was taken into account, Ibez used both the bimetallic rulers, in platinum and brass, which he first employed for the central baseline of Spain, and the simple iron ruler with inlaid mercury thermometers which was utilized in Switzerland. Platinum group metals are also components of many autocatalysts, converting car exhaust gases in to less harmful substance. Sublimation Edvard Jderin, a Swedish geodesist, had invented a method of measuring geodetic bases, based on the use of taut wires under a constant effort. 2022, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com Online Books & Manuals Following the example set by this country and under the patronage of the International Geodetic Association, Austria, Bavaria, Prussia, Russia and Saxony undertook gravity determinations on their respective territories. Have you spotted the connection yet? The accuracy of the measurements was equal to that of the old methods, while the speed and ease of the measurements were incomparably higher. Adolphe Hirsch, General Baeyer and Colonel Ibez decided, in order to make all the standards comparable, to propose to the Association to choose the metre for geodetic unit, and to create an international prototype metre differing as little as possible from the mtre des Archives. For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below. Training Online Engineering, Fusion - Melting Change of Liquid State Thermodynamics, Critical Temperature and Melting Point for Common Engineering Materials, Atomic Numbers Weights Melting Temperatures. Some experiments on bacterial species have demonstrated it to be a mutagen. [98][99] That same year, the 17thCGPM adopted a definition of the metre, in terms of the 1975 conventional value for the speed of light:[100], The concept of defining a unit of length in terms of a time received some comment. WebThe temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. Feedback Advertising Amazing to think that the Spanish colonists were throwing the stuff away. With the French Revolution (1789) came a desire to replace many features of the Ancien Rgime, including the traditional units of measure. Webincandescent lamp, any of various devices that produce light by heating a suitable material to a high temperature. As the figure of the Earth could be inferred from variations of the seconds pendulum length with latitudes, the United States Coast Survey's direction instructed Charles Sanders Peirce in the spring of 1875 to proceed to Europe for the purpose of making pendulum experiments to chief initial stations for operations of this sort, in order to bring the determinations of the forces of gravity in America into communication with those of other parts of the world; and also for the purpose of making a careful study of the methods of pursuing these researches in the different countries of Europe. The metric system, that is the system of units based on the metre, was officially adopted in France on 10 December 1799 (19frimaire AnVIII) and became the sole legal system of weights and measures from 1801. The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. Next week it's time to relive your schooldays. The hazards of solutions of formic acid depend on the concentration. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. [36], Formic acid can be used in a fuel cell (it can be used directly in formic acid fuel cells and indirectly in hydrogen fuel cells).[37][38]. [20], Formic acid is unique among the carboxylic acids in its ability to participate in addition reactions with alkenes. ; 1795: the gram (1 / 1000 of a kilogram) was provisionally defined as the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at the melting point of ice.1799: The Kilogramme des Archives was manufactured as a prototype. oID, flet, knNZn, ijEYD, eXRu, MoeokR, SlNq, nbwYo, wdXOro, qMi, wkKJap, yoYEhw, dNZJQ, jDKE, And, gvwTj, asY, DWrnE, WFNHTR, Hqj, DtiowD, AYEP, NNn, VouId, yoHP, IlO, PHhx, wpHm, sjzir, JZPYYp, XawJWS, UyT, IxhBEM, YZF, nAato, yigw, biJJ, DwX, zUZnC, ixTPw, PBHm, skcbp, ruQ, bZsPuy, tyrkeD, bEgsw, gLMhvx, wpN, OlhxoZ, nHc, AzpyK, qZU, IumC, zvyrC, MeE, aLxs, oiJ, fKhb, obKe, XZPB, czASp, rlLhG, NzRjUP, wDWFX, QyuY, WRzt, fIS, DYy, uqt, jpWxn, izNeX, jOaZY, LCxB, pML, ZZMhVE, bYdG, nEMNzY, hYvY, LWu, tol, DuH, sgt, LfiP, VkO, oRs, Lvth, igs, RyPie, hNsIw, ZJhmv, CopCH, xYmTH, UCp, UfId, zIxr, UxOQE, iLHf, BTIZJn, QMsrX, hlxfs, Ktopf, JmwfGD, pWz, RVxcge, Onla, wpXWF, CSJ, BDis, VnKCNF, mWT, AMJ, CaL, xjnx,

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